小种

YIGAL C Populations of Phytophthora infestans in Israel underwent three major genetic during 1983 to 2000 PHYTOPATHOLOGY , 2002,3

黄河%程双清%徐天宇我国北部马铃薯晚疫病菌生理小种的发生和变化植物病理学报， 1981，1

Dynamic distribution and developmental process of race 4 of Heterodera glycines in the soybean root were monitored under field conditions in Shandong province during 2007 and 2008 in order to determine the developmental process and distribution of nematodes in soybean root, and provide information for effectively controlling the disease.

明确山东大豆胞囊线虫在大豆根系内的发育进程和动态分布为该病的防治提供最佳防控区域和最佳防治时期，于2007年和2008年对大豆根内胞囊线虫(4号生理小种)进行发育进程及动态分布的监测。

In order to discuss the signal transduction mechanism,wheat cultivar Lovrin10 and different leaf rust fungus races were used to form compatible and incompatible interaction groups to study the role of drugs affecting calcium metabolism and calcium channel on HR induced by wheat leaf rust fungus.

为进一步探讨小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染的防卫反应的信号转导机制，利用小麦品种洛夫林10和不同叶锈菌生理小种组成亲和与不亲和组合，研究影响Ca2+代谢和钙通道的药物对小麦受叶锈菌侵染后诱发的HR的作用。

In this dissertation, firstly, the conditions of isolation and purification of specific toxin fractions produced by Exserohilum turcicum has been studied, and a high-efficient method has been established;secondly, the toxins were analysed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry;then the effect of specific toxin on death rate of corn leaves protoplast was studied by FDA as a tinct reagent;finally, using ANS as a probe and SDS-PAGE to study the membrane protein of the corn leaves with Htl gene. In a word, the aim of the research is to search some existent evidences of the toxin binding site on protoplasmic membrane, and provide proofs for nosogenesis of specific toxin in terms of cytology and the molecular biology.

本研究对玉米大斑病菌1号小种毒素的特异性组分进行分离，建立了高效的特异性毒素分离纯化方法，并对其进行了紫外波谱分析；用荧光素双醋酸酯染色法，测定了毒素特异性组分对原生质体死亡率的影响；进而用1-苯胺基-8-萘磺酸荧光探针标记法和SDS-PAGE电泳法对特异性毒素组分与Htl基因玉米细胞互作过程中的质膜蛋白进行了研究，旨在证明Htl基因玉米细胞质膜上存在特异性毒素组分结合蛋白，为从细胞和分子生物学角度阐明毒素的致病机理提供证据。

On the basis of determining their resistant spectrum, CY21, CY23, CY27, CY29, CY30, CY31, CY32, Su-11, Su-14 were used to investigate the resistant components at seeding stage, such as latent period, infection efficiency, uredinium length, sporulation capacity, period of spore production and severity. Also, two equal weight races' mixture CY27:CY30, CY27:CY31, CY27:CY32, CY31:Su-4, CY30:Su-11 were continued to reproduce six generations of Libellula and Xiannong 4 respectively, and the ration changes of each race were tested.

在抗性谱测定的基础上，采用CY21、CY23、CY27、CY29、CY30、CY31、CY32、Su-11、Su-14等9个条锈菌菌系，分别测定其苗期潜育期、侵染频率、夏孢子堆长度、产孢强度、产孢期以及严重度，同时将CY27：CY30、CY27：CY31、CY27：CY32、CY31：Su-4、CY30：Su-11等5个等量混合菌系组合分别在里勃留拉和咸农4号上继代培养6代，测定各小种在组合中的比例变化。

F.sp. tritici can offer consult and help for wheat rust study about variation and evolution.

本研究获得的有关小麦条锈菌群体毒性变异和小种的信息，可以为未来研究小麦条锈菌的毒性变异和群体进化及监测提供一些参考和帮助。

Q .Judged from fossils so far discovered,teeth fossil of Ailurarctos lufengensis can be dated back to 8 million year ago. Ailuropoda microta ,ancient panda which is half the size of today's giant pandas, lived on the planet more than 2million years ago. Ailuropoda milanoleuea daconi ,which belongs to the same species of today's giant pandas made its first appearance 600-700 thousand years ago.

答：从目前的化石记录看，始熊猫已有800万年的历史，距今200多万年前大熊猫小种（Aliuropoda microta，体型约为现今大熊猫一半的古代动物）已经在地球上生活。60~70万年前，与现今大熊猫同种的大熊猫巴氏亚种（ Ailuropoda milanoleueadaconi ，又称巴氏大熊猫）出现。

Physiological races of Cladosporium fulvum Cifferri 1.2.3, 1.2.3.4 and 1.2.3.4.9 are popular race in most regions of China.

本研究旨在利用RAPD技术对3个主要的番茄叶霉病菌生理小种进行分子鉴别。

Several varieties of tomato with different degrees of resistance to cladosporium fulvum were used to study the changes in phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and lignin conten as well as their correlationship with the resistance degree of varieties and pathogeny during inoculation.

以含对叶霉病不同抗性基因的番茄品种为材料，研究了叶霉病菌侵染过程中PAL酶活性和次生代谢物木质素含量的变化与品种抗性、病原菌生理小种间的相互关系。

The changing speed of PAL activity as a resistance index was applied successfully in identifying the differentiation in physiological varieties of Cladosporium fulvum.

另外，还成功地利用PAL酶活性变化速度这一指标对叶霉病生理小种的变异进行了生化鉴定。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。