小种

The sequences of segments of the trnL intron from 29 species and trnL-trnF IGS from 21 species of Magnoliaceae were analyzed. The results from the strict consensus trees were consistent with the former systems ① several species within the genera Michelia were homologious;② the subgenera Yulania was extremely homologious and much far from subgenera Magnolia;③ the species within Manglietia were highly conservative.

通过木兰科29个种的trnL基因内含子的525个碱基序列及21个种的trnL-trnF基因间隔区的370个碱基序列测定和分析，构建的严格一致性树建议：①含笑属为相对一致的单系类群；②玉兰亚属的几个种形成一个单系类群，与木兰亚属的几个种无共衍位点；③木莲属为个相对保守的类群，种间碱基差异很小。

The word still must speak of from the beginning, zhang Mou belongs to Yao to bring person of the village on end of Zhenjiang of prefectural smooth salary, culture of junior high school, humanness is laborious, will a few years be planted from the open up wasteland on the barren mountain that sends this villager panel crops, be planted the place of crops is Guang Lucun appoint meeting and river end village appoint the have a common boundary of the meeting, place name calls Zhang Jiashan, person of river end village call his small Song Ping again, fertilizer of ground of this barren mountain is careless luxuriant, it is kind of crops and the good place that depasture, in last few years, ten farmer of group of the village on river end are planted in here open up wasteland crops, year answer can obtain good crop one year, arrive again in an instant in May 2006, zhang Mou follows as one used to do same, plant on ground of him place open up wasteland went up maize, apply went up to change

话还得从头说起，张某属姚安县光禄镇江尾上村人，初中文化，为人勤劳，几年来自发到本村民小组的荒山上开荒种庄稼，所种庄稼的地点为光禄村委会和江尾村委会的交界，地名叫张家山，江尾村人又称其为小松坪，该荒山地肥草茂，是种庄稼和放牧的好地方，近几年来，江尾上村组的十几户农户都在此地开荒种庄稼，年复一年都能获得好收成，转眼又到2006年5月，张某跟往常一样，在自己所开荒地上种上了包谷，施上了化

Based upon the ecoanatomical method, leaf anatomical characters of eleven populations of six evergreen species (Cyclobalanopsis glauca, C. myrsinaefolia, C. gracilis, Castanopsis sclerophylla, C. eyrei and Lithocarpus glaber) from the eastern subtropical area of China were analyzed and compared with SPSS, DCA and TWINSPAN. The results are: 1. Although the leaf structures of the eleven populations still belong to the mesophyll type, they all express the trend of xerophilization. 2. There are some differences in leaf anatomical characters among populations, species and genera, which occur as the results of their adaptation to different habitats. 3. Different leaf anatomical characters have different variations among populations, species and genera, of which leaf thickness and palisade tissue thickness (considered as ecological adaptation characters) have greater variation than sponge tissue thickness, lower cuticle thickness and lower epidermis thickness (as systematical evolution characters). 4. The leaves of C. sclerophylla and C. glauca with thicker lamina, palisade tissue and cuticle (a multilayered upper epidermis in C. sclerophylla) are thought to better adapt to their dry habitat. The leaves of C. eyrei with thicker sponge tissue, although characterized by a multlayered upper epidermis, adapt to their humid and warm habitat. The leaves of C. myrsinaefolia and C. gracilis characterized by a thinner lamina, a less palisade tissue and a moderate cuticle thickness adapt to the humid and cool habitat in a middle mountain.

选取亚热带东部替代分布明显的壳斗科6种常绿树种（青冈、小叶青冈、细叶青冈、苦槠、甜槠和石栎）的11个种群叶片进行生态解剖，并用SPSS， DCA和TWINSPAN比较分析，结果表明：①尽管6种11个种群叶的结构仍属中生叶型，但有着不同程度的趋旱适应；②叶的解剖性状在属间、种间和种群间均存在着不同程度的差异，这是它们适应各自生境的结果，青冈和石栎的种内差异较大，反映出它们对环境变化有较强响应能力；③叶片的不同解剖性状在属、种类和种群间的变化并不同步，其中叶片和栅栏组织厚度等性状差异突出，反映它们更易受环境的饰变，是生态适应性状，而海绵组织、下角质膜，特别是下表皮厚度等性状差异较小，显示出这些性状的稳定性，可以认为是系统演化性状；④苦槠、青冈具有较厚的叶片、栅栏组织、角质膜和发达输导和机械组织，苦槠还具有复表皮，表现出对旱化生境的适应；甜槠尽管具有复表皮和较厚的叶片，但这是海绵组织增厚的结果，是对中生生境的适应；小叶青冈和细叶青冈具有较薄的叶片和栅栏组织、角质膜厚度居中等特点，可能是对中山凉湿生境的适应。

The natural enemies group, neutral arthropod group and phytophagy arthropod group of the two sub-systems were respectively analyzed and have found that all types of arthropods of the two sub-systems can be divided into three different types of groups. The first group is which living in two habitats and the species current is few impacted by the changes of habitats; The second group is which can living in two habitats in turn ,but can transfer to another in the time the habitats was deeply disturbed ;The third one can only living in one habitats and can make the another habitats as a temporary habitats.

两个亚系统的天敌类群、中性节肢动物类群、植食性节肢动物类群分别进行分析发现两个亚系统的各类群节肢动物均可划分为三种不同类型，第一种为栖居于两种生境且物种流受生境变化影响较小类群；第二种为可依次栖居于两个不同生境，生境的变化对其物种流产生较大影响；第三种为栖居于某一单一生境，但可将另一系统作为某一虫态的临时栖境。

Based on the crossing data among these flatfishes, the relationship between pairwise genetic distance and hybrid fitness was evaluated. The findings indicated that positive relationship might exist between genetic distance and hybrid fitness. The pairwise genetic divergence between species decreased as the interspecific hybrid fitness largened. These results implied that speciation clock might exsit in Pleuronectiformes.

根据这几种鲆鲽鱼的杂交是否可行的试验结果，评价种间遗传距离与杂交可适度的关系，结果表明，这8种鲆鲽鱼类的种间遗传距离与杂交可适度呈显著的负相关(r2 = 0.805，P 0.01)，即种间遗传分化越大，杂交成功的可能性越小，这表明鲆鲽鱼类中可能存在物种进化的不亲和钟。

Such doubts havesitimulated the researchers'curiosity and start to explore the students' terms This research proceeds by observation interview test using learning sheets and etc The purpose is to explore students' terms of scientific concepts sources of terms connections between students' usage nomenclature and chooses of usage The results of the research are as follows: 1 There are five kinds of naming principles for students' terms of scientific concepts: appearance habit function replacing and sound Appearance principle contains three categories: color shape and partial construction; habit principle contains custom and ability; replacing principle contains reality and non-reality 2 Students' terms of scientific concepts come from two ways: self-acquisition and learning through senses The former way is only a bit more common than the latter 3 There are three different relationships between students' usage of terms and nomenclature: one both the same in usage and meaning; the other both different; another different usage but the same meaning Normally terms that students used are various from nomenclature in the aspects of usage and meaning only a few would match and even rare for "Synonyms" to occur 4 Alternative options for students' scientific terms are maintenance adaptation or co-existence with formal scientific terms The most common way of selecting usage of terms is to maintain Sometimes students would adapt themselves once learn of scientist's term However some believe that very odd chances for both could exist at the same time

这样的疑问深深引起研究者的好奇，著手探索学生科学概念所使用的语言。本研究透过观察、访谈、学习单施测等方法来进行，目的在探讨学童在科学概念上所使用之学生惯用语、学生惯用语来源、学生惯用语与科学家用语之关联性、学生惯用语选择。研究结果如下：一、学童在科学概念上所使用之学生惯用语的命名原则有五种：外型、习性、功能、藉代称呼及声音，其中外型原则有颜色、体型及部份构造三类目，习性原则有习惯及能力两类目，藉代称呼原则有实体及虚拟两类目。二、学童在科学概念上所使用之学生惯用语有两种来源，分别为自己称取和听来。学生惯用语来源较多为自己称取，透过其他方式听来少一点，但两种来源的比率差距甚小。三、学童在科学概念上所使用之学生惯用语和科学家用语的关系有三种，分别为用语意涵均相同、用语不同意涵相同和用语意涵均不同。学生惯用语通常和科学家的用语是不同的，且其意涵也不同，只有部份学生惯用语和科学家用语意涵均相同，至於学生惯用语和科学家用语不同但意涵相同的极少。四、学童的科学概念相关学生惯用语选择有三种，分别为维持学生惯用语、改变成科学家用语和科学家与学生惯用语皆可。学童的科学概念相关学生惯用语选择，以维持学生惯用语最多，而有些时候学生会在得知科学家的用语后改变成科学家用语，但认为科学家用语和自己使用的学生惯用语皆可的则很少。

In general, the greater the productiveness of labour, the less is the labour-time required for the production of an article, the less is the amount of labour crystallised in that article, and the less is its value; and vice vers, the less the productiveness of labour, the greater is the labour-time required for the production of an article, and the greater is its value.

总之，劳动生产力越高，生产一种物品所需要的劳动时间就越少，凝结在该物品中的劳动量就越小，该物品的价值就越小。相反地，劳动生产力越低，生产一种物品的必要劳动时间就越多，该物品的价值就越大。

Series of crosslinked polymers containing POSS were synthesized in this thesis. The main contents include three parts as follows:(1) The preparation of different POSS molecules containing multiple functionalgroups and the development of crosslinked polymers containing POSS were reviewed in detail.

2合成了一种多功能团的POSS分子(T_8H_8)及四种不同长度的双烯功能团有机小分子，这些有机小分子可以通过硅氢化反应与POSS形成交联聚合物，在聚合物中作为连接链将POSS分子连接起来。

The RhoA oncogene , have been revealed in recent years, are closely related to various malignant tumours. RhoA, belonging to Rho family, is one member of the ras superfamily, whose encoding production, namely RhoA protein, pertaining to micromolecular mass GTP conjugated protein family, in GTP conjunctive active form and GDP conjunctive unreactive form. It exist in the latter form in normal cells and the switch of the two forms enables them to educe functions, paralleling"molecular switch", the diminutive G protein in activated state being able to activate the wink dromo-iter to work functions, which is in the resemblance of process during which the Ras genic mutation induces its continous activations.

RhoA是近年来新发现的与多种恶性肿瘤密切相关的癌基因，RhoA属于Rho亚家族，是ras基因超家族的一员，其编码产物RhoA蛋白属于小分子量GTP结合蛋白族，分为GTP结合的活性型和GDP结合的非活性型两类，在正常细胞内以GDP结合的非活性型存在，两种活性形式之间的转换使他们能够发挥一种类似&分子开关&的作用，活性态的小G蛋白能激活下游的信号传导通路，行使其功能。

The sites stand alongside three cordilleras surrounding the Erhai Lake, namely Eastern Wuliang Mountain, Southern Ailao Mountain and Western Cangshan Mountain.

在2003-2004年对云南大理洱海周边小兽体表寄生吸虱进行了调查，诱捕小兽3303只，隶属4目7科、15属、21种，共收集14635只吸虱，共计5科、6属、21种。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。