小种

Their behaviors of visiting and entering the receptive fig were comparatively studied, and further their active time inside the fig was also investigated. The results showed that these two wasp species had intraspecific fighting behavior when they looked for the ostiole, and the fight of D. yangi was more drastic.

结果显示：在搜寻苞片处进蜂口时，2种榕小蜂的种内均出现打斗行为，并且杨氏榕树金小蜂的打斗更为激烈，但种间没有打斗行为发生，杨氏榕树金小蜂总是等待钝叶榕传粉榕小蜂先期进入榕果，然后才跟随着进入。

According to this method,four different 11-step algorithms with four different window functions which are rectangular window,triangle window,hanning window,and blackman window are designed. Analysis and simulation show that hanning window and blackman window with small lobes are less sensitive to errors. Seven different algorithms with the same phase shifting interval π/2 are designed by hanning window function,whose phase shifting steps are separately 5,11,15,39,51,76 and 101 steps.

选择矩形窗、三角窗、hanning窗和blackman窗生成4种11步移相算法，对振动误差和相移误差的分析验证了旁瓣小的hanning窗和blackman窗生成的算法对误差的灵敏度要小；再选择hanning窗生成了移相间距为π/2的5，11，15，39，51，76和101步7种移相算法，仿真验证了步数越多主瓣越小，对振动抑制能力越好，但需要更高的微位移器移动精度来获得有效的干涉条纹。

The types,morphology,number,distribution and density of antennalsensilla in five leafroller moths species,i.e.Ancylis sativa Liu,Aclerisfimbriana Thunberg,Grapholitha molesta,Spilonota lechriaspisMeyrick and Adoxophyes orana Fischer von Roslerstamm,were observedwith microscope and electron microscope.Seven types of sensillum,i.e.sensillum trichodea,sensillum chaetica,sensillum coeloconica,sensillumstyloconica,sensillum squamiformia and Bohm's bristles were present inboth sexes and all five species.The number and density of sesillum trichodeaare much more than other types of sensillum.

用扫描电镜和相差显微镜对枣粘虫Ancylis sativa Liu、黄斑长翅卷蛾Acleris fimbriana Thunberg、梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta、芽白小卷蛾Spilonota lechriaspis Meyrick、棉褐带卷蛾Adoxophyes orana Fischer von Roslerstamm五种卷叶蛾触角感受器的类型、形态、数量、分布、密度进行了观察，结果发现在所有五种的雌雄成虫触角上都具有七种类型的感受器，它们是毛形感器、刺形感器、腔锥感器(S.coeloconica)、栓锥感器(S.styloconica)、鳞形感器(S.squamiformia)、耳形感器(S.auricillica)和Bohm氏鬃毛(Bohm's bristles)。

Harmonic Wavelet is newly proposed and becomes a new signal-processing tool. With the launching on the spectrum of wavelet, the harmonic wavelet is structured, which has strict box-like spectrum and simple function expression.

谐波小波是近年来发展起来的一种新的信号处理工具，它是一种具有严格的盒形频谱特性和简单的解析表达式的小波，由小波的频域上构造得到。

Ingeneral,seeds from north provenance shows features as follow,depositing morecuticale and wax layer on seed surface,deeper testa,more layers of sclereids,hardcell structure around chilarium,relatively smaller descend of chilarium, reducing thenumber of pits on sclereids and a narrow pit cavity.

一般地说，北部起源的种子表面角质层、蜡质层沉积较多、种皮也较厚、石细胞层数增多，种孔周围细胞结构趋于致密、种孔下陷程度相对较小、石细胞上的纹孔数量减少、纹孔腔较小。

With jingling disks that are fitted into the rim.It is shaken with one hand and struck with the other.

小手鼓，一种由边缘嵌有能叮当作响的小金属片的小鼓面构成的一种乐器

Furthermore, out of 497 fAFLP markers, 80 special bands were found to be able to distinguish the four groups from each other and may be applied for germplasm characterization and molecular assistant classification of Meretrix clam.4 Molecular classification of two species of Meretrix clam based on fAFLP and ITS sequences4.1 The results of fAFLP maker analysis of S, G and W showed that each group had their own specific loci among which there were 53 special loci in W group, much more than those of S group (14) and G group (21). Among the 53 loci, nine were all dominant loci. These unique loci could be taken as molecular markers to distinguish W from other groups. The genetic similarity indexes and distance matrix between S and G groups were 0.9585 and 0.0424 respectively, but the genetic similarity indexes and distance matrix between W group and S or G group was 0.7939 or 0.7941, and 0.2308 or 0.2305 respectively. The results revealed that significant difference existed between W and S or G groups in molecular genetic structure. The phylogenetic trees by the methods of UPGMA and NJ also indicated that S and G populations were very closely related, while W population was a relatively independent cluster, lying beyond the species which S and G belong to.4.2 The internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA from S group, G group and W group were PCR amplified and sequenced. The results showed that the size of ITS ranged between 1266-1269bp in W group, while those in G and S groups were 1614bp and 1520bp respectively. The GC content ranged 62.32-62.62% in W group while it was 61.77% in G group. The genetic distances between three populations of W group were 0.001～0.003, but it was 0.110 or 0.147 respectively between W group and G group or S group. Phylogenetic trees by NJ method also showed that G group was very closely related to S group, while W group was a relatively independent cluster.

在457个总扩增位点中找出了53个W的特有位点，远多于S群体(14)和G(21)群体，而且在53个特有位点中有9个出现频率为100%的位点，这些位点可以作为区分其它2个群体的特征性标记；S– G群体特有的位点有112个，其中有4个位点出现频率为100%，可作为S– G群体区别于W群体的特征性标记。S群体和G群体间的遗传相似性系数为0.9585，遗传距离只有0.0424，在NJ和UPGMA法构建的亲缘关系的树状图上均首先聚在一起，说明二者的亲缘关系很近，应属于种内群体间的关系；而W与S和G的遗传相似性系数均较小(0.7939和0.7941)，相对遗传距离很大而且十分相近(0.2308和0.2305)，在亲缘关系树状图上单独分出一支，也表明W与S和G群体间的亲缘关系较远。4.2 ITS序列比较分析通过对白壳文蛤、山东文蛤和广西文蛤的ITS序列扩增电泳、PCR-RFLP分析和ITS序列分析发现，W的ITS序列长度在1266-1269 bp，而S和与G的ITS序列总长度分别为1520 bp和1614 bp；从ITS1和ITS2长度来看，W分别为739-741 bp和316-317 bp，S为895 bp和414 bp，G为987 bp和416 bp；而从ITS碱基组成来看，W的GC含量在62.32-62.62%之间，而G群体为61.77%。W的3个壳色不同群体间的遗传距离仅0.001、0.002和0.003，S与G群体间的遗传距离是0.010，说明W群体内变异很小，而S与G群体间已出现明显的遗传分化，但还均属于种内群体间的遗传变异；而W与G和S的遗传距离分别达到0.110、0.147，两个类群差异显著，已远超出种内群体间的遗传变异。

An unusual isolate from watercress mottle,in association withturnip mosaic and cucumber mosaic viruses,produced small white local necrotic lesions on sapinoculated leaves of Nicotiana tabacum,N.rustica,N.glutinosa,Datura stramonium,Solanumnigra,Brassica pekinensis,B.chinensis,B.campestris,Raphanus sativa,Nasturtium officinale,Spinacia oleracea and Amaranthus mangostanus while small brown local necrotic lesions onGomphrena globosa,Phaseolus vulgaris,Dolichos lablab...

在北京香山樱桃沟野生的十字花科豆瓣菜上发现有芜菁花叶病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒以及一种未报导过的&小白斑&病毒的复合病。小白斑病毒在20多种寄主上，包括十字花科，单独汁液接种时只能产生局部坏死病斑，不能系统侵染；单独接种而能系统感染的寄主有百日菊，只产生极轻微的深浅绿花叶，甚至有时几乎无病状。小白斑病毒能在复合病情况下系统存在于豆瓣菜中是值得注意的一种现象。

These towers differentiate and form small bulb by two ways: one way is that towers begin to differentiate from their center ; another is that towers begin to differentiate from the tops of towers or their sides and appear small sunken concaves.

这些突起进一步分化为小鳞茎是通过两种分化方式：一种是先从突起中央出现分生细胞团开始分化的；一种是先从突起的顶端或一侧出现小凹沟开始分化的。

The results show that the suitable material for treatment is the bulb basal plate tissue with a thin part of scales after having been inoculated for 7 days,and regeneration dose is 50～60Gy,the optimum treatment dose for breading is 15～20Gy.In the small bulbs treated with 15Gy and 20 Gy,two mutants were selected,one is shorter with more leaves,the other expands faster.

结果表明，接种7D的外植体更适合作为水仙离体诱变的材料，其不分化剂量为50~60GY，半剂量为15~20GY，在10和15GY处理中，发现了两种小鳞茎突变类型，一种为叶片数增多的矮化突变体，一种为试管小球茎膨大速度加快，所以适宜辐射诱变的剂量为10~20GY。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。