小生物

Since most of the large molecules containing phosphorus element have double bonds, it is necessary to consider the special structures of double bonds in order to deal with these large systems more accurately. So, based on density functional theory and electronegativity equalization principle, applying a general atom-bond electronegativity equalization method , using separated program, through regression and least-squares optimization , the parameters of atoms and bonds in molecules are determined . By these parameters , the charge distributions and the energy of some molecules containing phosphorus element, especial the fragment of DNA, RNA, are calculated . The results are quite good.

由于这些含磷生物大分子体系都含有双键，为了明确的处理双键，进而更准确的解释带有双键和共轭双键的含磷生物大分子结构与性质的关系，我们以密度泛函理论~([1-4])和电负性均衡原理~([5-9])为基础，应用和开发原子-键电负性均衡方法中的σπ模型，利用最小二乘法，拟合确定了一些分子（含碳、氮、氧、氢以及磷等原子）的各种类型原子及化学键区域的参数，并利用上述参数计算了一些多聚核苷酸的电荷分布以及分子的总能量，进行了讨论，得到的结果可以和从头算相媲美。

The molecular aggregation with various functions in the body is formed through hydrogen bond, electrostatic force, Van der waals force and hydrophobic force between biomacromolecules and small molecules, and between the biomacromolecules.

在生命体系中，核酸、蛋白质和糖类是生物体的三大基本要素，生物大分子间以及生物大分子与在生命过程中起重要作用的有机小分子通过氢键、电荷相互作用、范德华力以及疏水作用等分子间作用力组成各种功能特殊的分子集合体。

However, the properties of biomacromolecule are different from inorganic and organic compound with smaller molecular weights, which include electrostatics property, more complicated shape, the instability of physical and chemical properties and so on. These make crystallization process of biomacromolecule more complex.

然而，生物大分子的许多特性不同于有机和无机的小分子，例如：静电学性质、较复杂的形状及物理化学不稳定性等等，这就使生物大分子的结晶过程变得较为复杂。

When Tetrahymena, Euglena, Crypthecodinium and Oxyrrhis were stained with the same technique, although all the nuclei gave positive reactions, no precentromeres could be distinguished; within nuclei there were only patches composed of minute fluorescent spots seen.

在对小眼虫和寇氏隐甲藻作制备核骨架的细胞分级抽提处理后，细胞核仍还都呈阳性反应。这表明与高等真核生物的相似，低等真核生物的着丝粒蛋白也是与核骨架紧密结合的。

It is shown that the porous particles are less energyconsuming to fluidize and, with their contents varying from 5%～25% in the riser, the minimum fluidization velocities based on gas stream are from 0.87×10-3 m/s to 2.2×10-3 m/s, while the critical transport velocities are from 1.0×10-2 m/s to 1.6×10-2 m/s for the operation with no liquid circulation or from 5.2×10-3 m/s to 7.1×10-3 m/s for the condition with liquid circulation.

例如，流化床电极、造粒、砂滤、结晶、浮选、聚合、煤气化、费-托合成[1]等。废水处理中三相流化床的应用得益于生物工程中的生物膜法和化工操作中的流态化技术的成功结合，主要优点为宏观混合程度高，固相内扩散阻力低，液体和固体外部传质阻力小，微生物浓度高。

Diamond-like carbon has the potential applications in the biomedicine because it possesses high mechanical hardness and low friction coefficient and chemical inertness and biocompatibility.

类金刚石膜具有很高的硬度、很小的摩擦系数、很高的化学稳定性和很好的生物相容性，在生物医学领域中具有巨大的应用价值。

According to the experiment results of degradation in field, degradation mechanism of the biodegradable mulch film can include four stages: the first, the material surface appeared deficiency while the surface area and interstice increased of material in the action of natural environment and microorganism; the second, along with the surface area and interstice of material increased and the gap strengthened, the chemical chain of the high polymer's principal chain broke as a result of the hydrolysis or the enzymatic effect in the action of hydration, causing the molecular weight and mechanics function descended; the third, the molecular of high polymer split the low polymer after its physical mechanical function descended, the material decomposed the fragments, the mass defect intensified; the fourth, the low polymer of fragments form in the natural environment, the microorganism, the biological enzyme became the smaller fragments, thus absorbed by the phagocytes, or further turn into CO2 and H2O due to hydrolysis.

根据田间降解试验结果推测，生物全降解地膜的降解机理可能包括四个阶段：第一，在自然环境、微生物作用下，材料表面出现缺陷，同时表面积增大、空隙增多；第二，随着材料表面积的增大、空隙的增多，吸水性增强，在自水合作用下，高聚物主链由于水解或酶解而使化学链断裂，导致分子量和力学性能下降；第三，在其物理机械性能下降后，高聚物分子链断裂为低聚物分子，材料裂解为碎片状，质量损失加剧；第四，碎片状低聚物在自然环境、微生物、生物酶作用下进一步水解变成尺寸更小的碎片，从而被吞噬细胞吸收，或进一步水解，生成CO2和H2O。

In the Chapter 2 of this dissertation, new pulse sequences were introduced, in which CPMG and bipolar gradient pulses have been implemented into pulsed-filed-gradients spin-echo NMR spectroscopy, and is used to measure the self-diffusion coefficient of metabolites in bio-fluids.

实验结果表明，这种新方法不仅可以在生物体温或更高温度下准确测量分子的自扩散系数，不受对流和背景梯度的干扰，同时还具有复杂核磁共振谱的编辑功能，能够在不做任何物理分离的条件下，分别研究生物大分子和小分子的扩散系数，以及分子之间的相互作用。

It can be expected that modified silvering fiber probes have better biocompatibility and is suitable for further application in vivo.

结果表明，经修饰的探针有较好的生物相容性，预期检测过程中对生物活体造成影响很小。

Slack's research group initially discovered the let-7 miRNA in C. elegans, a tiny worm used as a model system for studying how organisms develop, grow and age.

Slack的研究小组最开始在线虫，一种小蠕虫，用来研究生物发育，生长和老化的模式生物，体内发现了let-7 miRNA。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。