小热

The experiment results prove that the boiler coking is largely reduced and the temperature difference of two sides of horizontal gas-pass is very small, when the 330MW boiler operate, the pressure of primary hot air parison is controlled beyond 12.0～12.5KPa, the O2 content of air pheheater is controlled about 3.0%, the door of OFA is opened to 30%, the buffle of the inner secondary air sleeve is adjusted to the minimum, the outer secondary air swirling strength and the baffle of the outer secondary air sleeve is regulated to the maximum and the outlet temperature of pulvervised mill is kept in 70℃.

试验结果表明，330MW运行时，一次热风母管压力控制在12.0～12.5kPa以上、空气预热器实际氧量控制在3.0％左右、燃尽风门开至30％、内二次风量套筒挡板调整在最小、外二次旋流强度和外二次风套筒挡板调整到最大、磨煤机出口温度维持在70℃，此时锅炉结焦大幅度减轻，水平烟道两侧烟温差非常小。优化试验完成后，进行了单烧灵武烟煤对比，结果是：掺烧高灰熔点的银北煤后，炉膛结焦大幅度减轻，锅炉过热器减温水量较小，主蒸汽压力易提高，带负荷能力正常；再热器烟气挡板开度较大、减温水量较小；风机电耗较小。

The following points are emphasized:The operation models of adiabatic and diabatic distillation have been set up and the operation block, thermodynamics model and mathematical model in the simulation have been determined as well;(2)Based on the simulation and exergy analysis with Aspen Plus program, shortcut distillation design—DSTWU model and rigorous distillation design—RADFRAC model, the author has determined the heat duty, exergy losses and the distribution of exergy losses along the adiabatic column, which will help the simulation and optimization of the diabatic distillation;(3)Diabatic distillation under various operation conditions has been simulated by using energy balance method and exergy analysis;(4)How the different mixture and the various degree of separation, number of trays and feed location influence exergy saving in diabatic distillation have also been discussed;(5)On the basis of the total exergy losses along the column, different schema of the heat transfer distribution along the column have been compared and analyzed;they can be classified in three categories: heat duty equipartition approach, empirical approach, separation degree matching approach. In conclusion, different heat transfer distribution along the column will have effect on total exergy losses. In particular, most satisfactory results have been obtained by using separation degree matching approach. In order to diminish the exergy losses, heat transfer distribution should meet the needs of the request of separation degree.And on this premise, the author makes his suggestion in increasing the proportion of heat supplied to the tray with minimum exergy losses and decreasing the proportion of heat supplied to the tray with the maximum exergy losses.

本文对透热精馏过程进行了模拟并对其节能效果的影响因素做了较为全面的分析和深入的研究，主要研究内容如下：(1)建立了常规精馏和透热精馏过程的模拟操作模块、热力学模型以及数学模型；(2)利用化工模拟软件Aspen Plus并分别采用DSTWU简捷模型和RADFRAC严格计算模型对常规精馏进行模拟计算和有效能分析，确定常规精馏塔的公用工程热负荷、有效能损失及有效能损失在塔内的分布，为透热精馏的模拟和优化提供数据参考；(3)对不同物系在不同分离度条件下进行透热精馏的模拟，分别采用能量衡算法和有效能分析法进行计算和分析；(4)探讨了各种因素如物系的选择、不同分离度、塔板数、进料位置对透热精馏节能效果的影响；(5)以全塔总有效能损失为比较基准，对热量在塔内的三种分布方案即热负荷平均分配法、经验法和分离度匹配法进行了对比分析并得出结论：塔内热量的不同分布方案对于全塔总有效能损失会产生影响，其中以分离度匹配法的节能效果最为理想，为减少有效能的损失，应使塔内的热量分布满足各塔板的分离度要求，并在此前提下，尽量减小有效能损失大的塔板的热负荷和增加有效能损失小的塔板的热负荷。

When Ts is 850 ℃,grains are fined and the size of βphase and the distance betweenβphase pasticles are small.The corrosion barrier effect ofβ phase onαphase is enhanced and the iron content does not increase much at this temperature.So the corrosion resistance is improved.The corrosion resistance of AZ70 alloy falls off when Ts is 890 ℃,which attributes to the presence of microporosity,hot cracking and increase of iron content.

过热温度为810 ℃时，热速处理对合金耐腐蚀性能的改善作用并不大；过热温度为850 ℃时，热速处理显著细化了合金晶粒，β相的尺寸和间距变小，β相对α相腐蚀的阻碍作用增加，而且合金中的铁含量并没有提高，从而改善了合金在试验条件下的耐腐蚀性能；过热温度为890 ℃时，组织中存在热裂纹和显微疏松缺陷，合金含铁量显著增高，合金的耐腐蚀性能下降。

The results show that dynamic softening is easy to occur in these ingots and flow stress becomes steady finally; the material constants of hot deformation are procedural parameters that stress-level coefficient α, strain rate sensibility exponent m and deformation activation energy Q are all increased with strain increasing, while stress exponent n is decreased gradually; the values α and m of the alloy homogenized are the biggest and the value n is the smallest, dynamic softening effect of the alloy is the most obvious, which can deform evenly; influence of strain on the value Q of the alloy homogenized is a little and the average value of Q is only 176.5kJ/mol, so the alloy is easy to deform; the alloy matrix shows the regular recrystallization grains when the strain is 50%; dislocation cell structure re-formed in the grains with increase of strain.

结果表明：经不同处理的Al-1Mn-1Mg合金均易发生动态软化并最终呈现稳态流变特征；热变形材料常数是过程量，随应变量的增加，应力水平参数α、应变速率敏感性指数m和热变形激活能 Q 随之增大，而应力指数 n 则逐渐减小；均匀化退火后，铝合金的α和m值最大而n值最小，动态软化效果最明显且变形均匀，在该状态下，铝合金的 Q 值受变形量影响小，平均仅为176.5kJ/mol，易进行热变形；当应变量为0.7时，基体呈现规则的再结晶晶粒组织，随着应变量的增加，晶内重新形成了位错胞结构。

The features of the design approach are that the coupling function between water utilization network and heat exchange network is considered;in the first stage,the step-by-step double-linear programming method is employed for the design of water utilization network targeting both minimum water consumption and minimum energy loss,realizing the minimum water consumpt.

其特点是：考虑了用水网络和换热网络之间的耦合作用，在设计的第一阶段即用水网络设计阶段，以同时的用水量最小和火用损最小为目标采用逐步双线性规划法来设计用水网络，实现整个过程的用水最小化并为第二阶段的换热网络设计提供最合理的冷流和热流股以确保能量的合理利用；对于设计的第二阶段的换热网络设计，可直接采用文献中的方法。

The thermoinduced coloration system of fluorane/iodonium salt has been investigated. The kinatic studies of thermoinduced color development reaction in polymer film was performed. It was found that two different phenomena appeared in the relationship between reaction rate constant and temperature. A very low value of k〓(0〓mol〓·l·s〓) and very high energy of activation E〓(149 KJ·mol〓) observed in the region of low temperature, whereas a larger value of k〓(1~10 mol〓·1·s〓) and smaller energy of activation (E〓33 KJ·mol〓) displayed in the region of high temperature of 150℃.

研究了荧烷/碘鎓盐热致显色反应体系，进行了分子膜中热生色反应动力学的研究，发现热生色速度常数k〓和温度关系呈现二种不同情况：在低温区，k〓值很小（＜10〓mol·1·s），活化能很大（E〓=149KJ·mol〓）；而在高温区，k〓值较大（1~10〓mol·1·s），活化能较低（E〓=33KJ·mol〓），它们的转折点位于温度（T〓=119℃），表明高于T〓是进行热致显色反应的重要条件；考虑到它们用作热记录介质的可能，研究了熔融状态中热生色反应。

Experiment results show as follows in the processing of semiconductor etching, chemical heat centers in the semiconductor material, and is convected gradiently in all directions; the vertical heat convection velocity is obviously swifter than the horizontal; the process of heat convection can be real- timely recorded, and the heat convection situation can be gotten in any small area at any time by infrared camera which makes the analyse and understanding of heat convection characteristic in the processing of wet etching more intuitionistic.

实验结果表明：在半导体腐蚀过程中，化学热以半导体材料为中心，向四周梯度状对流；向上的热对流速率明显大于水平的热对流速率；红外热像仪可以实时纪录热对流过程，并获得任意时刻、任意小区域的热对流情况，使得对湿法腐蚀过程中热对流特性的分析和理解更加直观。

Because you can do it 10 micron, outlooked technology in seihan quality is better, but apart from a few outlooked, most of the thermal imaging techniques are circular, which is the computer output square pixel is unmatched, violet laser technology has the same problem, which causes the error in Imaging.

因为可以怠工到10微米的网不面，热敏CTP技艺在制版质量上较好，但除了不小都热敏CTP，不小局部热敏技艺的成像都是不圆形网不面，这和计算机输不入的不不圆形像素是不成婚的，紫激平技艺也有着同样的题目，这不离导致了在成像上的差错。

By numerical calculation the small signal gains of five different shape grating structures are investigated, and the results indicate the triangle-groove SWS has the smallest gains and widest bandwidth and the swallow-tailed groove SWS has the biggest gain and the narrowest bandwidth among these structures.

研究表明在相同梳口和梳宽情况下，三角形梳结构的小信号增益最低，但带宽最宽，热相速最大；倒梯形梳结构的小信号增益最大，但带宽最窄，热相速最小。

Using the relative reflection as weighting factor, the weighted mean of the surface albedo over Dunhuang Gobi in typical arid region is calculated and its values are 0.255 ± 0.021. After canceling the interference of the buildings, the mean values of the roughness length averaged with logarithm is 0.0019 ± 0.00071 m. After removing the influence of the oasis, the soil wetness factor computed with data under condition of no precipitation is 0.0045. After removing the influence of the precipitation .the mean values of the soil heat capacity over Dunhuang Gobi in typical ac-id region is 112 × 10 ~6 m~(-3)K~(-1), a bit smaller than the values observed i n HEIFE. But the soil heat diffusivity and conductivity are about one of those observed in HEIFE. The soil water content over Dunhuang Gobi in typical synoptic condition is very little and does not exceed 1% basically.

并且利用相对反射为权重加权平均，计算得到典型干旱区敦煌荒漠戈壁的平均反射率为0.255±0.021；剔除建筑物干扰后，利用对数平均法计算的粗糙度长度平均值为0，0019±0.00071 m；剔除绿洲影响后，用无降水影响的资料确定出土壤湿度影响因子为0.0045；剔除降水影响后，用观测资料计算的敦煌典型干旱区荒漠戈壁的热容量平均值为1.12×10~6m~（－3）K~（－1），比&黑河试验&在戈壁和在其它沙漠观测的有关值略小一些，但热扩散率和热传导率都比&黑河试验&在戈壁观测的值小一倍左右；观测的敦煌戈壁典型天气条件下的土壤含水量非常小，基本上不超过1％。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。