小梁结构

In the program the Newton-Raphson's method is used to iterative computation; and the method of either the cylinder-arc-length or the minimum residual displacement is adopted to control the iterative process.

在分析非线性静力和动力有限元计算方法的基础上，本文采用修正的Newton-Raphson方法进行迭代计算，并采用柱面弧长法和最小残余位移法控制迭代过程，编制了一个适合于杆件体系结构的有限元分析程序，结构可以按桁架、刚架或梁杆组合体系分析。

In this paper , an efficient optimality criterion method is developed for the mini-mum weight design of WF I-section frames with constraints on stresses, displacements, local buckling and cross-sectional dimensions.

本文利用优化准则法解刚架结构优化设计问题，可以处理工程上常用的宽缘工字梁型剖面结构在应力、位移、板局部稳定性和几何约束条件下的最小重量设计。

It is found that zero-displacement mothod can not be used in concrete-filled streel pipe arch bridge. When bend rigidness of tie-bar and bend rigidness of arch is almost same, rigid-support continuous beam mothod and the least-energy mothod without restriction formula is satisfactory.

对于吊杆初始张拉力的确定，将零位移法、刚性支承连续梁法和最小能量法用于南河特大桥吊杆初始张拉力研究，发现零位移法不宜用来确定刚性系杆刚性拱结构的吊杆张拉力，因为该法求解的索力不合理。

Last, Nano Indenter XP was used to measure the mechanical properties of the fabricated probe structures, the results show that the spring constants of cantilever type and simply supported beam type probe structures were 2556 Nm-1 and 26280 Nm-1 respectively, which were close to the designed values of 2838 Nm-1 and 23935 Nm-1 with the error of 9.94% and 8.92%. DC probes and HP 4194A Impedance/Gain-phase Analyzer were adopted to measure the electrical properties of the simply supported beam probe card. The contact resistance from the probe tip to the end of stripline was 0.6Ω. In the frequency range of 5 to 40 MHz, the characterized impedance between two probes was larger than 20 kΩ, and the capacitance was from 0.17 pF to 0.27 pF.

采用Nano Indenter XP纳米压痕仪对制备后的探卡结构进行力学性能测试，测得悬臂梁和简支梁的弹簧常数分别为2556 Nm-1和26280 Nm-1，与2838Nm-1和23935 Nm-1的理论设计值相差9.94%和8.92%；采用直流探针和HP 4194A阻抗分析仪对简支梁型探卡结构进行了电学性能测试，从简支梁探针到引线末端的直流接触电阻为0.6Ω，在5-40 MHz范围内，探针间特征阻抗大于20 kΩ，电容在0.17 pF至0.27 pF之间，测试结果表明探针的接触电阻小、射频隔离性能好。2。

The result demonstrates that, the young's modulus and unit weight of concrete, pipe friction coefficient and deviation factor of prestressed reinforcement have large influence on the displacement of structure though influencing stress seldom, which can be chosen as the main design parameters of construction control accordingly.

参数敏感性分析表明：混凝土的弹模、容重、预应力筋的管道摩阻系数和偏差系数对结构位移影响较大，对应力的影响较小，可作为连续刚构梁桥施工控制中的主要设计参数。

In this dissertation, the arch bridge was discretized by the FEM according to its structural characteristics with the spatial beam element simulating the tied beams, end floor beams, middle floor beams, arch ribs and the like and with the spatial link element simulating the suspenders to erect the bridges spatial mechanical computational finite element model.

该拱桥的拱肋主要承受压力，弯矩较小；系杆梁虽然是一拉弯构件，但由于布置有多道预应力筋，截面全跨受压；吊杆张拉力比较均匀，且吊杆张拉力对桥面系的线形控制作用比较明显；桥梁各构件受力和变形均在桥梁设计规范规定范围之内，表明桥梁结构受力合理。

Continuous rigid frame bridge has smooth-going deck and because of the softness of the high-pier, the moment of piers' bottom is smaller compared to T- rigid frame bridge.

连续刚构这种桥型结构刚度好、抗震性能好、墩梁固结利于悬臂施工，减少了大型支座的养护维修和更换，与T形刚构相比，行车平顺舒适，由于桥墩具有一定柔度，桥墩根部所受弯距很小。

Then through series experiment of coupling beams only add diagonal bars on the basis of traditional reinforcement with Zhanlin, we can conclude this plan for steel bar can satisfied the ductility demand of short-span coupling beams in tube body structure of Chongqing area. Through the computer simulation we can know: Procedures outputs coupling beams'ductility demand mainly in 1.5 to2.0 (maximum value 2.2), comparing the simulation of 8 or 9 degree , we can see the response of the whole structure and yielding degree are much small.

计算机分析程序输出的连梁的转角延性大多在1.5到2.0之间(最大值2.2)，对比以往本学科点对8度和9度等高烈度区的同类型结构的地震作用模拟分析可以看出，6度区大震作用下不管是结构的整体反应还是各杆件的屈服情况都比高9度和8度区小很多。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。