小振动

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

On the basis of dual feature identification method, combined with small wave analysis, it effectively extracts failure features, analyzes the stability power failure vibration signal feature on the general Fourier atlas, analyzes the shock power failure vibration signal feature on the resonance modulating Fourier atlas, using small wave to analyze the shock failure vibration signal feature.

是一种在"双特征判别法"的基础上，结合小波分析，有效提取故障特征，进行诊断的"三特征判别法"，所述的故障信号"三特征判别法"就是：在常规傅立叶谱图上分析平稳功率故障振动信号特征，在共振解调傅立叶谱图上分析冲击功率故障振动信号特征，利用小波分析冲击故障振动信号特征。

When the current has a small oscillatory component the dyn amical system becomes non-autonomous, chaos is now possible.

假如环境流具有一个小振动分量，动力系统成为非自治的，则将发生混沌现象。

The influences of the stiffness and damping of front spring,rear spring and seat cushion were analyzed by orthogonal tests.The seat cushion is the most important for the seat vibration,and the front spring makes a more important effect on seat vibration and hand vibration than the rear spring, the effect of the front spring on seat vibration and hand vibration is not consentaneous.

利用正交优化法分析了悬架、坐垫参数对平顺性的影响，结果表明：坐垫参数对座位处振动影响最大，相比后悬架，前悬架参数对座位处和手把处振动的影响大，前悬架小刚度大阻尼对座位处振动有利，前悬架大刚度小阻尼对手把处振动有利。

Armour rods (to be installed in suspension clamps) Parallel clamps Sub-Total, items 4.1-4.7 OTHER HARDWARE Counterweights for jumper or suspension insulator strings, including necessary device for attachement 50 kg 100 kg Sub-total, item 5.1 – 5.3 SPARES Insulator Units Type U160 Type U210BS Hardware for Conductor ACSR-BISON Complete set of hardware and fittings for suspension string Complete set of hardware and fittings for tension string Complete set of hardware and fittings for jumper string Complete set of hardware and fittings for transposition string Extra suspension clamps Extra tension clamps Extra tension joints Extra repair sleeves Extra vibration dampers Extra armour rods Extra spacers: for span for jumper alternatively spacer dampers Hardware for Earthwire 7 No. 6 AWG Complete suspension set Complete tension set Vibration dampers, Stockbridge type Extra tension clamps Extra tension joints Extra vibration dampers Extra parallel clamps Extra armour rods Hardware for Earthwire 7 No. 6 AWG Complete suspension set Complete tension set Vibration dampers, Stockbridge type Extra tension clamps Extra tension joints Extra vibration dampers Extra parallel clamps Extra armour rods Sub-Total, items 6.1-6.4 Sub-total, Items 1.4, 2.7, 3.8, 4.8, 5.4 and 6.5 Transfer to Summary, Schedule AS-1

装甲棒 平行夹具小计，项目4月1号至4月7号其他硬件重物跳线或中止绝缘子串，包括必要的设备attachement 50公斤 100公斤小计，项目5月1号至5月3号备件绝缘子单位型U160 类型U210BS 硬件导体钢芯铝绞线，拜森一套完整的硬件和配件的暂停字符串一套完整的硬件和配件的紧张字符串一套完整的硬件和配件的跳投字符串一套完整的硬件和配件的转字符串额外的悬浮夹额外的紧张局势夹额外的紧张关节额外的修理袖子额外的振动阻尼器额外的装甲棒额外的间隔：为跨度跳线或者间隔减震器硬件Earthwire 7特设工作组第6号完整的悬挂设定一套完整的紧张局势振动阻尼器，斯托克型额外的紧张局势夹额外的紧张关节额外的振动阻尼器额外的平行夹具额外的装甲棒硬件Earthwire 7特设工作组第6号完整的悬挂设定一套完整的紧张局势振动阻尼器，斯托克型额外的紧张局势夹额外的紧张关节额外的振动阻尼器额外的平行夹具额外的装甲棒小计，项目6月1号至6月4号小计，项目1.4 ， 2.7 ， 3.8 ， 4.8 ， 5.4和6.5 （换乘摘要，附表1 仅供参考

After studying casting process from ladle to pouring box and protection casting supporting mechanical structure, vibration dynamics model of supporting structure is founded, also variation of stee...

通过对钢包到中间包保护浇注的过程及其支承结构的相关研究，建立保护浇注支承结构的振动动力学模型，并且考虑对钢液冲击力的变化及影响测振点振动的因素，利用基本小波处理方法对钢水振动信号进行初步分析，并通过小波包技术进行进一步的特征提取，最终实现对钢液状态的有效识别。

After studying casting process from ladle to pouring box and protection casting supporting mechanical structure, vibration dynamics model of supporting structure is founded, also variation of steel water impact force and influencing factors of inspecting spot vibration are discussed. Primary analysis is done for steel water vibration signal by the way of basal wavelet processing method, and the deeply feature extraction is finished to realize the effective recognition for steel water status using wavelet package method.

通过对钢包到中间包保护浇注的过程及其支承结构的相关研究，建立保护浇注支承结构的振动动力学模型，并且考虑对钢液冲击力的变化及影响测振点振动的因素，利用基本小波处理方法对钢水振动信号进行初步分析，并通过小波包技术进行进一步的特征提取，最终实现对钢液状态的有效识别。

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主要产品--废旧轮胎处理成套设备：切圈机，切条机，切块机，口圈分离机，破胶机，大输送机，大振动筛，小输送机，小振动筛，磁选设备。

A detailed model of non-linear parametric excitation vibration coupling the stay cable and the girder, in which the static sag as well as the geometric non-linearity are considered, is proposed in this paper. Based on several numeric examples investigated by the Galerkin method composed with the integration strategy, several kinds of factors effecting stay cable parameter vibration are studied. Another parameter vibration model by the axial excitation is presented and the corresponding nonlinear equations are derived. The smallest excitation amplitude,the transient state and steady state resonance amplitudes, and the changing characteristics of the axial force are obtained by using harmonic balance method. According to numerical examples calculated by numerical integration method, the effects of the inner damping of the stay cables are investigated.

本文创新地提出了斜拉桥拉索-桥面耦合参数振动模型，推导了索-桥耦合非线性参数振动方程组，联合Galerkin法及数值积分方法，对各种特性的拉索进行了数值求解，得出了影响拉索参数振动的各种因素；提出了斜拉索受轴向端激励参数振动模型，导出了模型的非线性振动方程，使用谐波平衡法得出了产生参数振动需要的最小激励幅值、共振时瞬态及稳态的振动幅值及索拉力的变化特性，并用数值积分方法对实际斜拉桥拉索进行了计算，分析了拉索阻尼对参数振动的影响。

Wireless sensor ; wireless sensor network ; structural health monitoring ; shaking table test

无线传感器；无线传感器网络；结构健康监测；小振动台试验

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。