小周期

In which, first of all, the influence of solid tide whose period is longer than 128 minutes is removed with high-pass filter, and the secondly, air-pressure influence is removed with linear regression method ,and then the signals for 2~128 minutes are decomposed into 6 different kinds of frequency bands with wavelet transform method. The results indicat that wavelet transform can be used to identify small change existed in deformation signal.

用高通滤波消除周期＞128分钟的固体潮汐影响，用回归分析方法消除气压干扰，用小波变换方法将2~128分钟的信号分解到6个不同频段进行分析，结果显示小波变换方法能提取出信号中的微弱变化信息。

Milankovitch orbit cycle consists of eccentricity, inclination and procession of equinoxes, which lead to palaeoclimatical cyclic transformation and form high frequency sequence, parasequence and beds with cyclic time of ten, four and two thousand years respectively.

米兰柯维奇天文旋回包括偏心率旋回、倾斜率旋回和岁差旋回，这几个轨道参数所驱动的古气候变迁，分别形成了周期为10万年(或40万年)、4万年及2万年的高频层序，即小层序组、小层序及小层单元。

3When subjected to the seismic ground motion of the shock type, the shallow, thin and narrow liquefied lenticle may amplify the response of the building with short period.

计算结果表明：(1)所采用的方法与已有的模型实验结果有很好的对应关系，可用于分析建筑物存在下的场地砂土液化问题；(2)饱和砂土透镜体液化对短周期建筑物主要起到隔震作用，且随着透镜体厚度、埋深和宽度的增加以及场地输入地震动加速度的增大，减震效果有所增加；(3)在冲击型地震动作用下，埋深浅、宽度和厚度小的液化透镜体有时却对短周期结构加速度反应起到增大作用。

In nonclinical studies, normal cells appear to beable to recover from intermittent proteasome inhibition, but many types of cancercells undergo apoptosis when proteasomes are inhibited, even for a short time.

它可以选择性地抑制蛋白酶小体的苏氨酸蛋白酶活性，减少对特定细胞周期调节蛋白(IkB、p53、p27、p21等)的降解。由于这些调节蛋白的集聚，肿瘤细胞分裂周期受到干扰，细胞分裂停止，最终导致细胞凋亡。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

The following exciting results are revealed: 1 When considering the influence of some nonlinear elements such as hard-limit of exciters, the effects of some devices such as Power System Stabilizer and Static Var Compensator which can introduce positive damping in power system, the reasonability of system parameter values in simulation, the SNB surface and HB surface on the boundary of SSSR will turn close to each other and even coalesce together; 2 Under some conditions, coupling between slow exciters and shunt capacitors will bring negative damping in power system dynamics, which increases the possibility of oscillatory instability. So the power system with mass shunt compensators is easily subjected to the oscillatory instability. In recent years, chaotic phenomena of power system have been reported many times. Some simulation studies even found chaos existing inside the power system SSSR. In this dissertation, chaotic phenomena in power systems are thoroughly studied in order to make clear the relation of chaos and SSSR. The following results are derived: 1 Based on Li-Yorke Theorem and their definition on the chaos, the existence of chaos in power system is verified; 2 Three possible routes of causing chaos in power system are found and deeply investigated. They are route of cascading period doubling, route of directly initial energizing and route of torus bifurcation (or quasi-periodicity). The latter two routes are investigated for the first time in power system stability studies; 3 When the stability conditions of chaos are broken, it is found they can lead to voltage collapse, angle divergence, or voltage collapse with angle divergence simultaneously.

针对在电力系统小扰动稳定区域内可能存在混沌吸引域的有关报道，本文深入研究了电力系统混沌现象的出现途径和与系统失稳模式之间的关系：1利用Li-Yorke定理和Li-Yorke的混沌定义，从理论上证明了电力系统混沌现象的存在性；2发现了电力系统中导致混沌出现的三种可能途径：倍周期分岔导致混沌、初始能量直接激发混沌和经由环面分岔导致混沌，并对后两种新发现的途径进行了较为细致的研究；3发现了混沌极限环破裂导致电压崩溃、角度失稳以及电压崩溃和角度失稳同时出现的现象，其中混沌极限环破裂导致系统角度失稳和电压崩溃及角度失稳同时出现的现象均属首次报道；4证明由微分-代数方程描述的系统模型，其小扰动稳定域的边界只包含HB、SNB和SIB三种分岔界面，在SSSR的内部和边界上，均不可能存在会导致混沌的点，从而将混沌现象排除在小扰动稳定域的研究之外，简化了后者的研究工作。

Measurements were conducted using a data buoy fitted with the new GPS sensors and the traditional accelerometers. The new GPS system performed excellently, as 3D movement of the buoy depend on the movement of seawater particles, we use the velocity of GPS receiver to estimate the position of the buoy.

再将GPS挂载在中央气象局布放於小琉球西南方海域之资料浮标上，以GPS输出之垂直速度推算波高与周期，从分析结果显示，浮标与GPS推算之波高与周期相关性皆达0.97以上，差异皆低於5%。

The results indicate that weight factor had significantly effect on gait speed, steps per minute, gait cycle time, the ratio of stance time and swing time, maximal flexion angle of knee joint and the range of motion of elbow joint. Shelf height had significantly effects on hip flexion and elbow ROM. Box size factor had significantly effect on stride length, gait cycle time, the ratio of stance time and swing time, knee joint elbow ROM. For the muscle activity levels with EMG, load weight and shelf height both affected the %MVC significantly. When the subjects carrying a load of 14kg, the muscle activity and the subjective body part discomfort rating are both higher than that of 7kg. The box size had effect on the body part discomfort rating of upper extremity and back. For the kinetic and kinematics analysis, the shelf height around elbow height was better than the other two height levels.

研究结果显示，对步态时间与空间参数而言，重量因子显著影响步速、步频、步态周期时间与站立期摆荡期比值，箱型因子显著影响步长、步态周期时间与站立期摆荡期比值；关节活动度而言，重量显著影响膝关节最大弯曲角度、肘关节屈伸角度范围，高度因子显著影响髋关节前后倾角度、肘关节活动各变项，箱型因子影响膝关节弯曲最大最小值以及肘关节活动各变项，对肌肉活动度而言，重量与高度因子皆显著影响MVC%值，14公斤重者肌肉活动度与主观不舒适程度皆较7公斤者高，箱型因子虽无明显影响肌肉活动度，但是在主观不舒适程度上却明显影响上肢与背部，终点放置高度应设在肘高附近为佳。

Due to the diversification of market consumption, production in large quantities by type and less variety, long-period to the low-volume, multi-species, the direction of short-cycle development.

由于市场消费的多样化，生产类型正由大批量、少品种、长周期向小批量、多品种、短周期的方向发展。

In Chapter 2, an existence theorem is obtained for periodic solutions of non-autonomous second order systems with even-typed potentials. We also investigate solutions of linear bounded positive self-conjugation operators equations in Hilbert Space by variation methods.

第二章主要利用临界点理论中的归药方法、极小作用原理研究具偶型位势的二阶非自治系统周期边值问题，得到了周期解的存在；利用变分方法证明了Hilbert空间中有界线性正自共轭算子方程解的存在性。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。