封建制度的

A number of topics are incorporated into the broad chronological sweep of the course, including: the Germanic conquest of the ancient Mediterranean world; the rise of a distinct northern culture and the Carolingian Renaissance; the emergence of feudalism and the breakdown of political order; contact with the Byzantine and Islamic East and the Crusading movement; the quality of religious life; the vitality of the high medieval economy and culture; and the catastrophes of the fourteenth century.

课程的编排顺序大致分成几个主题：日尔曼民族之征服古地中海世界；独立的北方文化兴起与加洛林王朝的文艺复兴；封建制度的崛起与政治秩序的瓦解；与拜占庭、伊斯兰东方之接触及十字军运动；宗教生活的特色；中古世纪经济和文化的活力；以及十四世纪的巨灾。

A number of topics will be incorporated into the broad chronological sweep of the course, including: the Germanic conquest of the ancient Mediterranean world; the rise of a distinct northern culture and the Carolingian Renaissance; the emergence of feudalism and the breakdown of political order; contact with the Byzantine and Islamic East and the Crusading movement; the quality of religious life; the vitality of the high medieval economy and culture; and the catastrophes of the fourteenth century.

课程的编排顺序大致分成几个主题：日尔曼民族之征服古地中海世界；独立的北方文化兴起与加洛林王朝的文艺复兴；封建制度的崛起与政治秩序的瓦解；与拜占庭、伊斯兰东方之接触及十字军运动；宗教生活的特色；中古世纪经济和文化的活力；以及十四世纪的巨灾。

All men at all times will doubtless prefer chalking out the destination of their substance to having that office performed for them by the law; but the Roman passion for Testacy is distinguished from the mere desire to indulge caprice by its intensity; and it has of course nothing whatever in common with that pride of family, exclusively the creation of feudalism, which accumulates one description of property in the hands of a single representative.

所有各个时代的一切人无疑地都宁愿能筹划其所有物的归宿，并由法律来为他们执行这个任务；但是罗马人对于"有遗嘱而死亡"的感情，从其强度来讲，并不仅仅是出于放任随便的愿望；当然，它和家族骄傲更无共同之处，因为家族骄傲全然是封建制度的产物，它把一种财产积累在一个独一的代表人手中。

This one balanced inevitability offerred the " of " resign oneself to adversity of the " of " extort excessive taxes and levies that is feudal dynasty and farmer an explanation, for the scot inside feudal dynasty lifecycle gradually hasten rises, namely " of law of alleged " Huang Zongxi, offerred a rigorous academic proof, proving Huang Zongxi law then is feudal special case.

为封建王朝的&横征暴敛&与农民的&逆来顺受&这一均衡的必然性提供了一个诠释，为封建王朝生命周期内税赋渐趋上升，即所谓&黄宗羲定律&，提供了一个严谨的理论证明，进而论证了黄宗羲定律是封建制度的特例。

The spirit of feudal system formed after the Conquest was the contract relationship between the seigneurs and vassals, of which the taxation relationship between them was the important part.

诺曼征服后所确立的封建制度的实质即是在封君和封臣之间建立起一种契约关系，而双方的税收征纳关系则是该契约的重要内容。

The large scale nautical activities not only inceased human knowledge of astronomy, geography ,biology and other areas,but also leaded a series of new discoveries on geography ,as a result there were a large scale slave selling and colonial loot,which ...

大规模的航海活动，不只丰富了人类许多学科的知识，而且一系列地理上的新发现，以及奴隶贩卖和殖民掠夺，为资本主义发展初期原始资本的积累和海外市场的开辟创造了条件，从而促使封建制度的崩溃和资本主义的发展。

The large scale nautical activities not only inceased human knowledge of astronomy, geography,biology and other areas,but also leaded a series of new discoveries on geography,as a result there were a large scale slave selling and colonial loot,which create...

大规模的航海活动，不只丰富了人类许多学科的知识，而且一系列地理上的新发现，以及奴隶贩卖和殖民掠夺，为资本主义发展初期原始资本的积累和海外市场的开辟创造了条件，从而促使封建制度的崩溃和资本主义的发展。

The large scale nautical activities not only inceased human knowledge of astronomy, geography,biology and other areas,but also leaded a series of new discoveries on geography,as a result there were a large scale slave selling and colonial loot,which created the ...

大规模的航海活动，不只丰富了人类许多学科的知识，而且一系列地理上的新发现，以及奴隶贩卖和殖民掠夺，为资本主义发展初期原始资本的积累和海外市场的开辟创造了条件，从而促使封建制度的崩溃和资本主义的发展。

Let us start with nationalism, and her more hideous sibling racism, which were once seen as the products of a dying feudalism or a short lived illusion – a mere "socialism of fools" as Bebel would have put it.

我们从民族主义谈起，从她丑陋的血缘种族主义谈起，它们一度被视为垂死的封建制度的产物，或者一种短命的幻觉——正像Bebel所指出的，仅只是&愚蠢者的社会主义&。

The land-law of England,"the Herculaneum of Feudalism," is certainly much more closely allied to the land-law of the Middle Ages than that of any Continental country, and Wills with us are frequently used to aid or imitate that preference of the eldest son and his line which is a nearly universal feature in marriage settlements of real property.

英国的土地法，&封建制度的赫鸠妻尼恩城&，当然是更和中世纪的土地法相似而不同于任何大陆国家的土地法，我们的&遗嘱&也就常常被用来助长或效法长子和其亲系的优先权，这成为不动产婚姻授产中几乎普遍的特色。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。