封建主的

The western mediaeval society regards feudal manorial economy as the foundation of the society. The confrontation among the lord, leud, imperial power and magisterium remains the living space of individual's freedom and tool reason, actively supports the bourgeon of internal modernization factor of fuel economic system and finally finishes the modern conversion of individual's personality.

西方中世纪的社会以封建制庄园经济为基础，封建主与诸侯、皇权与教权四种力量的对峙为个人的自由、工具理性、保留了一定的生存空间、积极支持着封建经济危机中体制内部现代性因素的萌发，最终完成了个体人格的现代性转换。

Meantime, that vast mass of the population of Western Europe whose condition was servile or semi-servile —— the Roman and German personal slaves, the Roman coloni and the German lidi —— were concurrently absorbed by the feudal organisation, a few of them assuming a menial relation to the lords, but the greater part receiving land on terms which in those centuries were considered degrading.

当这个时期，西欧的广大人民都处于奴隶或半奴隶的状态——罗马和日耳曼的个人奴隶，即罗马的土著农奴和日耳曼的农奴——他们同时为封建组织所并吞，他们中的一小部分对封建主处于奴仆关系，但大部分则以当时视为降格的条件接受土地。

The relation of the lord to the vassals had originally been settled by express engagement, and a person wishing to engraft himself on the brotherhood by commendation or infeudation came to a distinct understanding as to the conditions on which he was to be admitted.

封建主和属臣的关系原来是用明白的定约来确定的，一个愿意把自己用推荐或分封土地的方法接纳在同族之内的人，对于他被接纳的各项条件是明白了解的。

The greater allodial proprietors transformed themselves into feudal lords by conditional alienations of portions of their land to dependants; the smaller sought an escape from the oppressions of that terrible time by surrendering their property to some powerful chieftain, and receiving it back at his hands on condition of service in his wars.

较大的自主地所有者把部分的土地有条件地移转给其属下而自成为封建主；较小的自主地所有者为了逃避那个恐怖时代的压迫，就把他们的财产奉献给某些强大的酋长，并以战争时为他服役为条件再从他的手中领回其土地。

Establishment of the feudal political structure in the medieval Western Europe was accompanied with the transitionalprocess of feudal seigniors' manors transforming intohereditary estates.

西欧封建主义的结构随着中世纪中期封建主领地的世袭化进程而确立起来。其主要特征是封建权利对公共权利的最大限度的排斥，领主和附庸间的私人契约取代了国家的公共，公共权利沦为私下义务。

On the one hand traditions of the majesty of the Caesars, perpetuated by the temporary ascendency of the House of Charlemagne, were surrounding Sovereigns with a prestige which a mere barbarous chieftain could never otherwise have acquired and were communicating to the pettiest feudal potentate the character of guardian of society and representative of the State.

一方面，凯撒的威严传统由于查理曼王朝的暂时得势而被保全，使君主具有一个蛮族酋长所决不能获得的一种威望，并使最小的封建主也有了社会保护人和国家代表人的资格。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。