导线测量

First introduced highway alignment's definition, the significance, the developing process and the CASIO series calculator in the highway surveying computation application; Using the traverse survey computation's two basic mathematical model (azimuth calculation, coordinate calculation), compile the corresponding procedure to solve echo the wire coordinate computation; With the aid in the mathematical model which three, four and so on leveling's field operations calculate, compiles the corresponding procedure to solve the road elevation survey computation; According to relaxes the circular curve principal point and the detail coordinate computation mathematical model, based on this programs the solution to relax the circular curve coordinate principal point and the detail coordinate computation, then further develops this procedure to use to calculate the circular curve principal point and the detail coordinate computation.

首先介绍了公路线路的定义、意义、发展过程和CASIO 系列计算器在公路测量计算的应用；利用导线测量计算的两种基本数学模型，编写相应的程序以解决附和导线坐标计算；借助于三、四等水准测量的外业计算的数学模型，编写相应的程序以解决公路高程测量的计算；根据缓和圆曲线主点及细部点的坐标计算的数学模型，在此基础上编程解决缓和圆曲线坐标主点及细部点坐标的计算，然后进一步开发此程序用以计算圆曲线主点及细部点的坐标计算。

Investment officer more than 20 passengers, put GPS receiver, water level, total station, and computer more than 20 sets of measuring instruments, the completion of the foundation buried stone heads, four measurements, a flat wire measurement, endures leveling, Figure Root control, field data collection and data editing.

投入人员20多人次，投入GPS接收机、水准仪、全站仪、计算机等测量仪器20多台套，完成了基础埋石、首级四等测量、一级平面导线测量、等外水准测量、图根控制等野外数据采集以及数据编辑工作。

The main reasons of traverse survey overlimit in the view of objective factors and subjective factors are analyzed and relative approaches based on engineering cases is proposed.

导线测量在水利水电工程控制测量中应用极为广泛，从影响导线测量的客观因素和主观因素结合并根据实际情况综合分析导线测量成果超限的主要原因，并根据测量科学理论知识和工作经验相结合，提出了应采取的主要措施

This text puts forward a new method of the direct polygon measuring side traverse survey underground, and deals with how to use it to survey underground.

提出了井下导线测量的新方法，即&直伸多边形量边导线测量法&，并具体介绍了如何运用&直伸多边形量边导线测量法&进行井下导线测量。

In order to save work-time and not to affect the production, using the underground traverse survey without orientation, it can recover this segment traverse.

应用井下无定向导线测量，就可以利用尚存的导线点恢复该段导线，满足生产需要。

This paper introduces the method of traverse survey using direct measuring three-dimensional coordinates of control point by electronic total station instrument.

介绍采用蔡司C 20全站仪直接测定控制点三维坐标进行导线测量的作业方法，突破了传统的导线测量模式，不需分别测边、测角及内业计算就可自动测定三维坐标并自动平差。

This paper introduces the outline of inside tunnel survey,and expounds the survey control in tunneling works from aspects of the construction traverse survey,midline layout survey,midline detection and tolerance,elevation control survey,vertical section survey and cross section survey,and breakthrough survey,etc.

介绍了洞内测量纲要，从施工导线测量、中线施工放样、中线检测与限差、高程控制测量、纵断面测量和横断面测量、贯通测量等方面阐述了隧洞工程测量控制。

Survey gain through this project, analysed use double base the RTK measurement technique of station double sampling, the system that can eliminate error of fiducial station coordinate effectively to nod planar coordinate to sampling is affected, disappear weak troposphere changes to be affected to what RTK tall Cheng measures randomly, make RTK planar coordinate measures the need that one class lead measures contented city thereby, make RTK tall Cheng is measured be close to or achieve the 4 precision that wait for leveling.

通过该项目测量成果，分析了采用双基站双采样的RTK测量方法，可有效消除基准站坐标误差对采样点平面坐标的系统影响，消弱对流层随机变化对RTK高程测量的影响，从而使RTK平面坐标测量满足城市一级导线测量的需要，使RTK高程测量接近或达到四等水准测量的精度。

Where the accuracy of construction location and distance of total station,hight measurement of total station, traverse accuracy controlled by error of closure of angle polygonometry and coordinate relative error of closure or not satisfy the requirement of construction were analysised and discussed.

主要对全站仪放样距离要求和精度、全站仪高程测量以及导线测量中方位角闭合差和坐标相对闭合差来控制导线精度能否满足施工的要求等问题进行分析和探讨，以使测量精度满足要求。

The application of the survey model in the survey tests on a shield machine manufactured by Herrenknecht A.G.

盾构机姿态控制点测量首先要建立测量模型，即采用导线测量和三角高程测量方法，通过对盾构机刀头和中体圆柱体外直径精密测量，拟合计算出盾构机刀头和中体中心三维坐标，建立盾构机坐标系统，解算姿态控制点在盾构机坐标系统内的三维坐标，进而由姿态控制点计算盾构机的姿态。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。