对阴极

In the paper, some factors influencing the effect of reduction including the anodic material, the cathodal material, the area ratio of cathode to anode and the kind of electrolyte have been investigated and screened out. The result showed that under the same reduction conditions, the reduction of Cr6+ has better effect to use lead-antimony alloy as anode, iron plate as cathode, which area ratio is 7:1 and potassium sulphate as electrolyte.

本文首先对影响电解还原效果的阳极材料、阴极材料、阴阳极面积比和支持电解质加入的种类等因素进行了研究筛选，结果表明：在同样电解还原条件下，实验中阳极采用铅-锑合金，阴极采用铁板，阴阳极面积比取7∶1，支持电解质取为硫酸钾时，具有较好的Cr~(6+)还原效果；同时在采用铅-锑合金作阳极的条件下，通过正交实验，对影响直接在碱性介质中电解还原低浓度含铬废水的其他因素进行了研究，即研究了在电化学还原过程中，Cr~(6+)的初始浓度、极板间距、支持电解质的加入量、搅拌情况等因素对还原效果的影响程度，确定出了主要的影响因素。

Analytical results show that: Anode evaporation rate, which determines mostly the production rate of UFMP, is influenced by the many factors including electric parameters of arc, ambient conditions and material properties et al; Existence and increase of anode ejection can influence the production rate and property of UFMP; It is firstly found and investigated that surface connexity phenomenon of Al anode material. Analyses and calculation show that formation of anode spot and existence of self-magnetic field force play an important part in surface connexity process; Effects of cathode material on prepared UFMP is also experimentally studied and theoretically analysed. It shows that effect of the cathode is inconsiderable under the experimental conditions used in the study. At last, the experimental results found in part one are analysed and discussed in detail.

然后详细分析了电弧与电极间的相互作用过程，结果表明：决定超微粉产率的阳极材料蒸发率受许多因素影响，它主要与电弧电参量，环境条件及材料性质有关；阳极表面液滴喷溅的存在和加剧将严重地影响所制超微粉的产率和性质；首次发现和实验研究了Al阳极表面凸起现象，并对此现象进行了详细的理论分析和实际估算，认为阳极斑点的形成及自磁场作用力的存在在该过程中起着重用作用；实验研究和理论分析了阴极材料对所制超微粉的影响，认为在本文所用实验方法及条件下，阴极材料对粉的影响很小。

In the hydrometallurgical process of zinc, the fluctuation of impurities concentration in the electrolyte has a serious influence on technical parameters.

阐述了湿法炼锌过程中，由于电解液中杂质的波动对锌电积过程主要技术经济指标产生的严重影响，分析了金属杂质、骨胶浓度与阴极过电位和电流效率的关系，提出了利用阴极过电位对锌电积最佳添加剂浓度及新液质量的控制方法。

Through designing of composition and structure of the bioactive graded coating,innerstress and its distribution in the coating were analyzed and calculated, the resultsshowed that when composition distribution coefficient n was 1.5, a reasonable stressdistribution could be got, that was at the beginning of deposition the suspension containingrichly BG granules was used so that a rich BG granules layer, a good transitional layerbetween BG layer at the bottom and the coating could be obtained at the titanium alloy side,the bottom of the coating; the stress value near the interface and surface and its character,pressure stress or tensile stress, were decided by the character of its composition itself.Changing composition distribution coefficient n could only change the variation tendency ofstress in the coating, but did not change the stress distribution rule in the coating. Thethinner the coating is, the sharper stress variation in the coating is, which does not mean thatthicker coating is better because the thicker the coating is, the little the permitteddeformation of coating is, so the coating thickness should be thinner, for example, about50μm for bending applications, but for applications only bearing pure shear stress, such asroot of tooth implant, the coating can be thicker little, for instance, about 80～100μm. The study on electrification characteristic and electrophoresis deposition of HAand BG granules in aqueous and non-aqueous solution system found that EPD almost didn'toccur in aqueous solution system. However, because HA granules take position charges inabsolute alcohol, a homogeneous EPD be carried out on the cathode titanium alloy slice, but taking negative charge in absolute alcohol the BG granules not be deposited on the cathode. A guided HA crystallizing, 100～300nm, on surface of the BG granules be realized by metathetical reaction, which cover BG granules with HA microcrystals and make the covered BG granules taking position charges in absolute alcohol, sequentially realize the EPCD of the BG and HA granules on the cathode, so it is feasible to make a titanium alloy/BG/HA bioactive graded coating by making use of EPCD technology. The corrosion experiment of rich boron bioglass coating and plasma spray coating showed that split phase, rich boron and rich silicon phase, occurred during its preparation. In basic medium the corrosion behavior of 〓 BG coating showed uniformity corrosion, the corrosion mostly occurred at rich boron phase area, therefore batch formula design of BGshould avoid the occurring of split phase. The corrosion appearance of plasma spray coatingappeared a non-uniform corrosion, mostly occurred at the edge of the laminated HA moltendrops, and emerged an accelerated corrosion tendency, which will easyly lead to corrosioncrackles extending to the interface and the happening of osmotic interfacial corrosion, thatmay be one of the major reasons leading to the coating cracking-off in the later period. Thetesting results of thermal expansion coefficient of 〓 and 〓BG showed the thermalexpansion coefficient of 〓 BG matched with that of titanium alloy better, and 〓 BG couldsinter with titanium alloy into densification enamel layer at low temperature (720℃).

将Ti6Al4V合金在1000℃下进行真空热处理会降低其力学性能，且合金内的V元素会向表面富集，因此，钛合金真空热处理和表面涂层的烧结温度不能过高，即应低于其相转变点；通过对生物活性梯度涂层的组成和结构的设计，分析和计算了梯度涂层内的应力大小和分布，结果表明：对于本研究，当成分分布系数n=1.5时，可以获得较合理的涂层力学性能，即在沉积开始时，采用富含BG颗粒的悬浮液，以便在钛合金侧获得同底层BG有良好过渡的富BG涂层；梯度涂层界面和表面的应力大小、性质由材料组成本身的性质决定，改变成分分布系数，只能改变涂层内应力变化的趋势；涂层的厚薄不影响涂层内的应力分布规律，但涂层越薄，涂层内的应力变化越快，但这并不意味着涂层越厚越好，因为涂层越厚，涂层允许的变形越小，对于应用于弯曲受力部位的涂层而言，涂层应薄一点为好(50μm)；而对于仅纯受剪切应力的部位，如牙根种植体，涂层可适当加厚(80～100μm)；通过对HA和BG颗粒在水溶液体系和非水溶液体系中的带电特性和电泳沉积的研究发现，它们在水溶液体系中很难发生电沉积；在无水乙醇溶液中，HA颗粒带正电，可在阴极钛合金片上发生均匀的电泳沉积，而BG颗粒则带负电荷；利用复分解反应法，可以制得100～300nm的HA，通过诱导HA在BG颗粒表面结晶，可对BG颗粒进行表面包覆，获得了被HA包覆的BG颗粒，改变了BG颗粒表面的带电特性，使BG和HA颗粒在无水乙醇中均带上正电荷，从而实现了HA和BG颗粒在阴极上的共沉积。

In this paper,surface line-charge method was taken to calculate the magnetic distribution in a 160kA large prebake anode aluminum reduction cell in Guizhou Aluminum Smelter.

应用表面磁荷法对贵州铝厂 16 0kA大型预焙阳极铝电解槽的磁场进行了计算，通过对电流分布均匀情况下和考虑了实际电流分布情况下的电解槽磁场的比较，可以看出，阳极和阴极电流分布对铝电解槽磁场分布具有绝对的影响，只有在考虑了阳极和阴极电流实际分布的情况下，才能准确地计算出铝电解槽的实际磁场分布。

It points out: a rational arrangement of supplementary cathode can greatly uniformize the handsaw temperature duo to its double actions of redistributing heat source and reducing thermal radiation; less shield layers at the top of the furnace leads to more uniform horizontal temperature distribution. The horizontal plate between two rows of handsaws can enhance the radiative heat transfer at the center place, and therefore can reduce the temperature difference along both horizontal and vertical directions.

指出：辅助阴极具有重新分配炉内的热源分布和隔热保温的双重作用，合理添加辅助阴极对改善料筐内温度场的均匀性具有重要的作用；在渗金属炉的顶部减少辐射屏层数，可以在保证竖直方向满足工艺要求的同时改善水平方向的温度场的均匀性；料筐的几何结构对温度场有重要影响，锯条背之间的距离以60毫米为好；减少料筐材料的发射率有利于局部控制料筐温度。

In this paper the photocathode and micro channel plate, the two key factors affecting image intensifier operational life, are also analyzed in detail and are listed the life test methods in night vision ind...

通过对国内外加速寿命试验和像增强管工作寿命试验方法的分析借鉴，结合我们二代近贴管二十多年的生产试验，特别是超二代管工作寿命试验积累的宝贵经验，本文提供了一种加速试验方法，在保证像增强管阴极灵敏度稳定性的前提下，采用一个对光电阴极影响最大的应力加倍的方法，以缩短工作寿命试验时间，减少生产周期以保证交货进度。

Variations of spectral response curves of GaAs photocathode with time were obtained,and performance parameters of decayed photocathode were calculated.

利用光谱响应测试仪对激活后的反射式GaAs光电阴极进行了稳定性测试，获得了阴极随时间变化的光谱响应曲线，并表征了阴极在衰减过程中的性能参数变化。

The diamond film deposition experiments with hot cathode glow discharge PCVD shows that the cathode temperature has no apparent influence on deposition rate and film quality. With the increase of gas pressure, the gas density, electron temperature, gas dissociation rate in the plasma region change differently.

在热阴极辉光放电PCVD沉积金刚石膜中，适当的阴极温度是保证大电流、高气压辉光放电稳定工作的必要条件，它影响着辉光放电阴极位降区的放电性质，但对金刚石膜的沉积速率和膜品质基本没有影响。

The results show that:(1) MnO2 deposition on the surface is the main factor resulting in cathode polarization, and the flowing of the solution can remarkably reduce this polarization. Furthermore, the buffered solution can reduce the polarization resulting from H+ concentration difference;(2) it is deduced from the polarization curve that the key factor influencing the performance of MFC is microbial number and metabolic rate and the electron transferring rate from microbial to electrode;(3) the power density arrives at the biggest, 824 mW/m2, when outer resistance is 300 Ω, which is accordance to the inner resistance,(284±18)Ω, deduced from I-V curve;(4) the influences of pH and permanganate concentration on cathode potential is in agreement to Nernst equation.

研究结果显示：(1) MnO2在碳纸表面的沉积是阴极极化的主要原因，而溶液流动可以明显降低极化程度；将高锰酸钾溶解在缓冲溶液中可以进一步降低阴极H+浓差极化；(2)根据极化曲线可以推断，影响电池输出功率的决定性因素应是微生物代谢反应速度和微生物与电极之间的电子传递速率；(3)随外电阻的变化，电池输出功率出现极大值824 mW/m2，相应外电阻为300 Ω左右，这与通过 I-V 关系曲线推导得到的电池内阻(284±18)Ω相吻合；(4) pH值和高锰酸钾浓度对电池阴极电极电势的影响符合Nernst方程。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。