对象

We firstly discuss minimal sets characterizations of closed-set lattice , then systematically study the categorical properties of categories CL and PairCL by the means of the join-semilattices closed-set-latticefies, and the constructions of monomorphism, epimor-phism, extremal monomorphism, extremal epimorphism, section, retraction, subob-ject, quotient object, product, co-product, equalizer, coequalizer, inverse limits and direct limits in the categories CL and PairCL are given.

首先讨论了闭集格的极小集刻划，然后通过并半格的闭集格化这种方法，较为系统地研究了范畴CL及范畴PairCL的性质，给出了范畴CL和范畴PairCL的单态射、满态射、极端单态射、极端满态射、截节、收缩、子对象、商对象、极端子对象、极端商对象等特殊态射和特殊对象的具体刻划，并且研究了它们的等化子和余等化子、乘积和余积、逆极限和定向极限的具体构造。

We firstly discuss minimal sets characterizations of closed-set lattice , then systematically study the categorical properties of categories CL and PairCL by the means of the join-semilattice's closed-set-latticefies, and the constructions of monomorphism, epimor-phism, extremal monomorphism, extremal epimorphism, section, retraction, subob-ject, quotient object, product, co-product, equalizer, coequalizer, inverse limits and direct limits in the categories CL and PairCL are given.

首先讨论了闭集格的极小集刻划，然后通过并半格的闭集格化这种方法，较为系统地研究了范畴CL及范畴PairCL的性质，给出了范畴CL和范畴PairCL的单态射、满态射、极端单态射、极端满态射、截节、收缩、子对象、商对象、极端子对象、极端商对象等特殊态射和特殊对象的具体刻划，并且研究了它们的等化子和余等化子、乘积和余积、逆极限和定向极限的具体构造。

As the basement to integrate multi-scale spatiotemporal data, the object evolution model can retain the characteristic of the data with different temporal-scale or different spatial-scale, and reflect the temporal changes especially the heteromorphic changes, and the causalities within the evolving process.

本文通过对时空对象变化过程的分析，指出对象进化的结果不仅是特征的变化，还包括机制的变化，其直接动力是对象行为，其根本原因是其内在机制，时空事件起着对象间信息通道的作用，据此提出对象进化模型，该模型可作为多尺度时空数据集成的结构性基础，在反映时空现象的演变过程，特别是异构演变过程，以及在这个过程中产生的因果关系的同时，还可以保留时空数据的不同时间尺度和空间尺度特点，从而达到增加时空数据库的信息量的目的。

GMODM is about the definition and calculation of geometric objects and topological relationships based on restrict plane graph. Geometric layer should be consistently maintained. This paper gives the algorithms.

它基于受限的平面图来定义几何对象和几何对象之间的拓扑关系，并给出了几何层的一致化定义以及一致化维护算法，它定义了几何对象的公共接口，使对几何对象的操作和拓扑关系的处理独立于几何对象表示。

This paper aims at the prominent issue that current models of spatial topological relations can not represent complex object, among which 9-Intersections Model (9IM) is well known. Therefore, taking cadastral data as example, one model of topological relations between complex and spatio-temporal objects based on 9IM is put forward. And the improved sweep-line algorithm is designed. Specific studies as follows:(1)According to the concepts of point set topology, the author distinguishes the complexity of the object, redefines the spatial point, line and region. For instance, in the simple region, concave one is more complex than convex, composite regions can be composed of many parts or with holes, and so on.

本文针对当前空间拓扑关系模型无法表达复杂对象的突出问题，以地籍对象为实例，以9I模型为基础，探索了一种适合复杂对象和时空对象的拓扑关系表达模型，较好地解决了地籍对象中各类要素间拓扑关系的描述和应用，实现了地籍变更中变化语义类型的推理和历史回溯；通过对现有的拓扑关系计算方法进行了改进，设计了相关算法，给出了C语言程序示例；最后通过实验系统的实现，验证了模型和算法的可行性。

In this paper,a novel clustering algorithm DBSB (Density Based Spatial Clustering Method with Heuristically Selecting Border Object) is proposed.The algorithm fastly expands the clusters by a heuristical function to choose core objects in the border region of the known core object,and then merge some clusters by border objects.

本文提出了一种启发式选择边界对象的快速空间聚类算法DBSB，通过一个启发式函数近似选择相对于某个已知核心对象边界区域中的核心对象和边界对象，通过核心对象的序列来快速地扩展它们所在的簇，直至找到一些较小的簇。

The authors extended the representing framework Rof the KRA model so as to divide the perception into primary perception and abstraction perception. In the process of primary perception,Wunder the primary perception system P is mapped as P where the attributes of the objects in Wdo not change. In the process of abstraction perception, Wunder the abstraction perception system P* is mapped as P*. The objects in P*are abstraction objects, the types of which are related to the abstraction objects database predefined by the agent.

针对KRA抽象模型的表示框架进行扩展，将感知过程分解为初步感知过程和抽象感知过程两部分：初步感知过程将该模型提供的一个框架R表示世界W在初步感知系统P的作用下映射为P，该过程不改变W中具体对象的实体属性；抽象感知过程将P在感知系统P*的作用下映射为P*， P*中的对象称为抽象对象，抽象对象的类型根据感知者预先定义的抽象对象库Oa的不同而不同。

With discontinuous selection, in which the user can extend a selection by adding nonadjacent objects to already selected objects, the objects between the current selection and the new object are not included in the selection.

用户可以通过非连续的选定来将零散的对象加到已经选定的对象集合中。在选定的对象和新对象之间的对象并不会被选定。

System.out.println("a.length="+ a.length); System.out.println("b.length ="+ b.length);// The handles inside the array are // automatically initialized to null: for(int i = 0; i nbsp;b.length; i++) System.out.println; System.out.println("c.length ="+ c.length); System.out.println("d.length ="+ d.length); a = d; System.out.println("a.length ="+ a.length);// Java 1.1 initialization syntax: a = new Weeble { new Weeble, new Weeble }; System.out.println("a.length ="+ a.length);// Arrays of primitives: int e;// Null handle int f = new int[5]; int g = new int[4]; for(int i = 0; i nbsp;g.length; i++) g = i*i; int h ={ 11, 47, 93 };// Compile error: variable e not initialized://!

句柄。此时，编译器会禁止我们对这个句柄作任何实际操作，除非已正确地初始化了它。数组b被初始化成指向由Weeble句柄构成的一个数组，但那个数组里实际并未放置任何Weeble对象。然而，我们仍然可以查询那个数组的大小，因为b指向的是一个合法对象。这也为我们带来了一个难题：不可知道那个数组里实际包含了多少个元素，因为length只告诉我们可将多少元素置入那个数组。换言之，我们只知道数组对象的大小或容量，不知其实际容纳了多少个元素。尽管如此，由于数组对象在创建之初会自动初始化成null，所以可检查它是否为null，判断一个特定的数组&空位&是否容纳一个对象。类似地，由基本数据类型构成的数组会自动初始化成零、null或者false。

The characteristics of geospatial metadata is discussed,the object hypostases of geospatial metadata is anatomized,and object model of geospatial metadata is constructed.

论述了地理空间信息元数据中的对象的特质，构建了地理空间信息元数据对象模型，提出了结合面向对象中的对象操作和面向对象软件工程的地理空间信息元数据标准的研制方法。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。