对裂

Based on the reason analysis of failure primary fracturing, the fracturing fluid and proppant of refracturing were optimized, the half-length of fracture and construction parameters were also optimized for the optimum design of refracturing wells.

同时对初次压裂失效的原因进行分析后，对气井重复压裂的压裂液、支撑剂进行优选，对重复压裂气井的裂缝半长和施工参数进行优化，从而完善对气井重复压裂的优化设计。

Recent research progresses of behavior and mechanism about edge chipping were summarized, and edge spalling model, edge chipping by single indenter and edge chipping by scratch test were introduced, all of the merits and defects of them were evaluated, some issues need to be solved for them and some methods to prevent it taking place were presented.

综述了工程陶瓷边缘碎裂行为与机理的最新研究进展，详细阐述了工程陶瓷的边缘碎裂剥落模型、边缘碎裂单晶压头模型和边缘碎裂划痕模型，并对各模型的优缺点作了评价，提出了工程陶瓷边缘碎裂行为与机理研究中尚待解决的问题以及边缘碎裂预防措施。

No significant difference were found between left and right hand weight loading for erector spinae during the trunk movements, but the values of AEMG with back weight loading were significantly higher than left and right hand weight loading;(2)The AEMG of lumbar multifidus had no significantly different under three load ways during the walking.

(1) 躯干屈曲伸展过程中，腰部多裂肌与竖脊肌各自两侧的激活程度呈现对称性特点；躯干伸展运动对腰部竖脊肌和多裂肌的激活程度大于屈曲运动；(2)腰部多裂肌在躯干旋转时激活特征存在显著的对侧增强效应；(3)腰部前屈过程中，竖脊肌和多裂肌肌肉的高激活区域可能集中在45°—65°的角度范围之内。

3The values of AEMG of the contralateral multifidus were higher than ipsilateral during trunk axial rotation;(4) During the trunk flex to 45 and 65 degree position, the AEMG of lumbar multifidus and erector spinae muscles were higher than the other degree and there was significant difference.(Experiment 2)(1)The AEMG of the lumbar multifidus and erector spinae were influenced by load levels, load ways and road conditions during the walking.There was significant interaction between load levels and load ways.

(1) 负荷等级、负荷方式及路面条件对行走过程中腰部竖脊肌和多裂肌AEMG具有显著影响，且负荷等级与负荷方式之间交互作用显著；左手负重行走时腰部竖脊肌AEMG与右手负重时不存在显著差异，但背部负重时的竖脊肌AEMG值明显小于单侧手负重时的AEMG值；(2)多裂肌的AEMG值在不同负重方式下行走时均无显著差异；(3)路面条件对腰部肌肉AEMG值具有显著影响，上楼时腰部竖脊肌、多裂肌的AEMG值显著大于平地和下楼时的AEMG值；(4)单侧手持负荷且当负荷等级达到一定水平时，腰部竖脊肌和多裂肌对侧的AEMG值显著大于同侧。

Leaves opposite or distal ones in whorls of 3 or 4, sessile or petiole to 5 mm, villous; leaf blade long ovate to ovate-oblong, 2--5 X 0.7--1.5 cm, pubescent on both surfaces, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; segments 6--10 pairs, linear to linear-oblong, incised-dentate.

叶对生或上部的3轮生或4，对5毫米，具长柔毛的无梗或叶柄；叶片长卵形到卵状长圆形，2-5 X 0.7-1.5厘米，两面被短柔毛，对羽状全裂的羽状深裂；裂片6-10 对，线形的到线形长圆形，锐裂具牙齿。

Among the macroporous resin fractions of 30%, 50%, 70%, 80% and 95% ethanol, the 70% ethanol fraction showed the highest antifungal activity towards Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Candida albicans.

在30%，50%，70%，80%，95%乙醇溶液的大孔树脂柱层析洗脱组分中，70%乙醇溶液洗脱组分对裂殖酵母菌和白色念珠菌的抗真菌活性最强。

Congo Red was decolorized and degraded by the main enzymes secreted by Schizophyllum sp.

利用本实验室新构建的染料脱色降解体系，对裂褶菌F17Schizophyllum sp。

In terms of the water-in-oil emulsion theory, emulsion materials, emulsion methods, main additives and the volume ratio of oil and water were selected and then a basic formulation of the water-in-oil emulsion fracturing fluid was screened out. On the base of it above, the optimal formulation was optimized following the properties of reservoirs of Gars oil field, Qinghai Province and the performance of it was evaluated referring to SY/T5107-95. In the end of this paper, a idea of job design and technologies of fracturing optimize of the water-in-oil emulsion fracturing fluid were put forward.

论文首先从油包水乳化液的理论研究入手，通过对乳化材料、乳化方法的评选以及乳化剂、稠化剂、破乳剂、助排剂等添加剂和油水体积比的评选实验，筛选出了基本满足要求的油包水乳化压裂液配方体系：在此基础上，根据青海尕斯油田中浅层油藏的特征，进一步优化出符合该油藏条件的最佳配方压裂液体系，并参照石油与天然气行业标准SY/T5107-95对该配方油包水乳化压裂液进行了性能评价：最后提出了可行的油包水乳化压裂液施工设计思路及相应的压裂优化技术。

During the fracturing for low pressure and low permeability gas reservoirs, there are some main problems in conventional hydroxypropylguar - organic boron cross-linking system: Firstly, the water-lock damage to low pressure and low permeability gas formations by filter liquor; Secondly, the reason for alkali-sensitive damage in alkali-sensitive reservoirs is that conventional hydroxypropylguar - organic boron cross-linking fracturing fluids were cross-linked under alkaline environment, while the permeability of reservoirs is reduced greatly; Thirdly, the formation pressure is low, and the energy of flow back is not enough, at present, the main measure in oil fields is "injecting with liquid nitrogen", but this technique increased the cost of fracturing, making great troubles in operating, and leaving the liquid nitrogen also is a big problem.

在低压低渗透气藏的压裂改造过程中，常规羟丙基胍胶-有机硼交联压裂液体系存在的主要问题，一是压裂液滤液对低压低渗透气层造成的水锁损害；二是常规羟丙基胍胶-有机硼压裂液是在碱性条件下交联的，对碱敏性储层造成碱敏损害，降低储层渗流能力；三是地层压力低，压裂液返排能量不足，当前各油田采取的措施主要是&液氮伴注&技术，但是&液氮伴注&技术增加了压裂的费用，而且液氮存放也存在较大问题。

It is important to reduce the span of the hard roof to avoid its impact load on supports. However, at longwall top coal caving face, the periodical weight of roof is a main factor that crushes the top coal, which is beneficial to the top coal recovery. How to use the roof pressure safely is of crucial importance in top coal caving. Based on field monitoring, theoretical analysis of strata movement, the numerical model of compound structure of hard roof stepped cantilever and the top coal cantilever beam is built, and the parameters of the model are also determined. The elasto-plastic finite element method is used to analyze the effect of hard coal fracture under the abutment pressure of hard roof, and the cracking coefficient is defined according to the stress state of the element.

通过对岩层移动的现场观测，建立了&两硬&条件综放采场台阶悬臂—悬臂梁组合的煤岩组合结构力学模型，并以此煤岩结构为基础，建立&两硬&条件综放采场顶煤压裂的有限元数值模型，分析了坚硬顶板不同来压步距对坚硬顶煤的压裂效应，并确定了合理的支架阻力，从而对坚硬顶板进行有效的控制，消除坚硬项板对采场的冲击隐患，同时保证采场矿压对坚硬顶煤的有效压裂，达到提高顶煤回收率之目的，由此形成了坚硬顶煤、坚硬顶板条件下综放采场围岩控制的基本理论和方法。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。