对流层

The SCS summer monsoon is defined as the warm and wet southwesterlies, whose θse should be greater than 355 K and speed greater than 2m/s, at 850-hPa in the lower troposphere at mean pentads.

我们用对流层低层侯平均850hPa上暖湿的西南风来定义南海的夏季风区，这里所指的暖湿的西南风其θse必须大于335°K，西南风的风速不小于2m/s。

Provided by the use of IGS precise ephemeris and precision clock bad, you can achieve high-precision positioning and orbit determination, which makes GPS in determining the satellite orbit to monitor the ionosphere and troposphere in the job to play an increasingly important role.

利用IGS提供的精密星历和精密钟差，可以实现高精度定位和定轨，这使得GPS在确定卫星轨道、监测电离层和对流层中的工作中发挥了举足轻重的作用。

During the four years study on the project, we develop a dynamical forecast model that describing the subtropical ridge surface. A new theory on the role of the land-sea thermal difference on the formation of the Subtropical High is advanced. It is concluded that in the summer subtropics over each continent and its adjacent ocean LO, SE, CO, and a double-dominant heating from west to east compose a LOSECOD heating quadruplet. The influence of the Eurasia continent on SH varies according to the seasonal variation. From the ideal numerical simulation it is shown the important role of the Eaiuan continent and the huge topography on the mechanism of formation and mantanence of the SH during the summer. It is verified by the numerical simulation that the extension of the subtropical continent into the tropics greatly enhances the " East Asian monsoon". Through the Rossby energy dissipation theory it is verified that the deep latent convective heating induces the onset of the South China Sea monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. The relationship and mechanism between the precipitaiton over the East Asia and the Subtropicla high is illustrated by the data. It is also found the close phase lock between the east-west shift of the SH and the disturbence of the east wind belt over the tropical troposphere. The interaction between the structure and activity feature of the SH and the Meiyu over the Yangtze-Huaihe river valley is revealed from the data. The numerical simulation verified the impact of the different SH pattern on the path of the typhoon.

本项目的研究发展了描述副热带高压脊面变化的动力模型，提出了夏季副热带地区四叶型非绝热加热分布型及相应环流拼图的创新理论；明确了大陆尺度的海陆热力差异在副热带高压形成中的作用；指出欧亚地形对副热带高压和气候的影响随季节变化而变化，通过数值试验证明春季青藏高原的感热加热对亚洲夏季风的爆发地点起了&锚定&的作用，进一步证实了副热带高压断裂和亚洲夏季风的最早爆发地点发生在孟加拉湾东岸；利用Rossby波能量频散理论证明了孟加拉湾深对流潜热释放诱导南海季风爆发的机制；揭示了东亚季风降水的季节内变化与西太副高的关系及机理；揭示了西太副高与东西风带中扰动之间的相互作用过程，指出西太副高的东西活动与热带对流层上空东风带扰动和中纬度西风带扰动的移动和锁相密切相关；研究了夏季淮河流域梅雨期间副高结构和活动特征及其与江淮暴雨的相互作用；验证了不同副热带高压形态对台风路径的不同影响；通过数值试验证明了欧亚大陆和青藏高原等大地形对副热带高压形成和维持的重要作用。

Survey gain through this project, analysed use double base the RTK measurement technique of station double sampling, the system that can eliminate error of fiducial station coordinate effectively to nod planar coordinate to sampling is affected, disappear weak troposphere changes to be affected to what RTK tall Cheng measures randomly, make RTK planar coordinate measures the need that one class lead measures contented city thereby, make RTK tall Cheng is measured be close to or achieve the 4 precision that wait for leveling.

通过该项目测量成果，分析了采用双基站双采样的RTK测量方法，可有效消除基准站坐标误差对采样点平面坐标的系统影响，消弱对流层随机变化对RTK高程测量的影响，从而使RTK平面坐标测量满足城市一级导线测量的需要，使RTK高程测量接近或达到四等水准测量的精度。

The results show that the wind anomalies in spring in many key regions like upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the tropics, which is closely related to the East Asian monsoon, may persist for up to 4 to 5 months. Thus, climate predictability may be partly originated by the internal processes of the atmosphere.

初步结果说明，大气月平均风场在对流层上层和平流层下层的热带区域及一些关键区域可持续性可以超过一个季节，并且与东亚季风有显著相关，从而使得从大气内部变化来考虑东亚夏季风气候仍然有一定的可预测性。

This was in conjunction with HAARP, that creates a river of electricity flowing thousands of miles through the sky and down to the polar ice-cap, manipulating the jet-stream , like The Woodpecker.

这与HAARP结合，制造了一条穿越天空并沉入极地冰盖下的数千英里长的电流之河，像&啄木鸟&那样操纵喷流〈指在对流层顶部从西向东的一股高速的气流。会影响到地球的天气。

It routinely produced precise GPS ephemeris and other products using observations from IGS tracking station.

在非差数据处理中，主要考虑对流层和钟差这两种时变参数的随机模型。

The result shows that gravity wave excited by the tropopause forcing can propagate stably to the mesosphere through the stratosphere so that the energy and momentum can be transferred from a region to another. In the propagation, gravity wave undergoes growth, overturning, convection and breaking. The breaking of gravity wave is the important source of convection and smallscale waves, and convective instability and overturn are the character of nonlinear phenomenon.

分析结果表明，从对流层顶激发的重力波能稳定地经平流层传到中层顶，从而将能量和动量从一个区域带到另一个区域；在向上传播过程中，重力波经历了发展、位温翻转、对流直至最终破碎的演变；重力波的破碎是对流和小尺度波动的重要的源，对流不稳定和翻转是非线性现象的一个基本特征。

It is in fact possible to influence tropospheric rivers by electromagnetic means.

事实上，它可能影响对流层河流电磁手段。

Tropospheric ozone is considered to be the most widespread atmospheric pollution and has a major impact on plants.

对流层的臭氧对植物所造成的威胁在空气污染物中最为严重及广泛。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失