对流层

The effect of upper tropospheric perturbation PV on the development of the South-West Meso-cyclogenesis is discussed on Hoskins PV Principle in terms of conservation of PV on isobaric surface and humid isentropic PV.Upper tropospheric perturbation PV,which dilates slantwise downward and southward,is found to be an important factor to influence the low-level South-West Mesocyclone.

基于Hoskins位涡理论思想从等压面位涡守恒和湿等熵位涡守恒的角度来研究对流层高层位涡扰动对低层西南涡的发生发展影响，发现对流层高层位涡扰动是影响西南涡发生发展的重要因素，它对西南涡的影响表现出它有向南向下倾斜伸展的特点。

Through analysis of potential vorticity in isobaric surface field, in high-troposphere a positive potential vorticity disturbance before rainstorm generation;positive potential vorticity disturbance in high-troposphere downward, form one vertical disturbance column, now corresponding precipitation develop stage;When near ground arises negative potential vorticity disturbance, precipitation also weaken.

通过对等压面的位涡分析，发现在暴雨发生发展时，在对流层高层有正位涡向下扰动，在暴雨的发展鼎盛阶段，从对流层中高层到地面形成一个垂直扰动柱；位涡柱对地面气旋的发展有较好的指示性，位涡柱形成时刻前后降水达到最强；当近地面出现负的位涡扰动时，降水随之减弱。

The results are as follows:① The mean spatial position of the tropical tropopause and the polar tropopause approximately consistent with heating fields of the tropopause, and isopiestic, isotherm present zonality and appear wave motion at the middle and high latitude . The tropopause temperature and pressure are not symmetrical between two hemispheres.② The interannual variations of the tropopause zonal-mean pressure and temperature anomalies are remarkable.

结果表明：①热带对流层顶和极地对流层顶的平均气压场的空间位置和热状况大致吻合，并存在空间波动性，两半球对流层顶的温压场具有显著的非对称性；②对流层顶的纬向气压与温度距平场都具有不同尺度的年际和年代际变化，两极地区对流层顶的温压场最不稳定，两半球中纬度地区的时间演变尺度存在明显差异。

In order to improve the monitoring precision and resolution of tropospheric zenith delay, the hybrid approach, using a batch least squares estimator but parameterizing the zenith delay by a linear spline with knots at 30-minute intervals and treating the knots as a Gauss-Markov process, is employed to deal with the tropospheric zenith delay.

为了提高对流层天顶延迟的监测精度和分辨率，我们采用了分段的参数估计和随机过程相结合的估算方法来处理对流层延迟，由此获得了分辨率分别为2 h和30 min，精度好于1 cm的天顶延迟量。

It is also shown that one of the most important reasons of the heavy rain amplification is the cold air which spreads to south from midlatitude in the lower troposphere and transports into the typhoon low pressure. The study of PV on isentropic surface shows the active state of the midlatitude cold air. The tropopause folding, which means that high PV spreads downward from the upper troposphere or stratosphere, helps the releasing of potential instability energy and the development of rainstorm.

分析表明：对流层低层中高纬度冷空气扩散南下在台风低压环流区附近的"侵入"作用是此次特大暴雨过程的最重要的原因之一；等熵面位涡的分析进一步说明了中高纬地区冷空气的活动状况；对流层高层或平流层低层高位涡的下传有利于位势不稳定能量的释放，使得暴雨增幅。

It is weaker in summer and locates northeastward.

在近45a里，冬季及夏季风暴轴在整个对流层、尤其是对流层中上层具有整体一致的年际和年代际变化特征。

Using the seale separation method, the meso-scale structure of Mcc occ- ured near the Delta Area of the Pearl River is studied. It is shown that there is a meso-scale cyclonic circulation at 1000 hpa level and a meso-scale anticyclon at 200 hpa level associated with the Mcc. The axis of the Meso-scale cyclone center tilts northwestward with height, stretching up to 400 hpa level.

用滤波方法分析了一例发生在珠江口附近地区的Mcc的中尺度结构，结果表明，在对流层下部有中尺度的气旋性涡旋与Mcc相应，涡旋的中心轴线随高度向西北方向倾斜，在地面涡旋的上方200hPa层上，是一中尺度的反气旋性涡旋，中尺度的辐合中心和上升运动中心偏于Mcc的西部，扰动温度场也是非对称的，在对流层上部没有中尺度的暖高压。

According to model trial results, it was found that the tropopause was not a simple mass surface.

STE对对流层顶选择的敏感试验表明，对流层顶不应该选择为一个简单的物质面，而应表现为一个过渡区。

For the climatic characteristics of the onset of the SCS summer monsoon, results reveal: 1 the SCS summer monsoon brusts at the 4th pentad in May; 2 the onset of the SCS summer monsoon is closely related to the southwesterly monsoon over the eastern Bay of Bengal, as induced by the intensification and eastward advancement of the latter; 3 the rainy season of the SCS summer monsoon bursts after the onset of the SCS summer monsoon basically; and 4 the atmospheric circulations exhibit rapid changes at different heights over the SCS and its adjacent districts, during the establishment peroid of the SCS summer monsoon, these include: i in lower troposphere, the southward expansion and deepening of the Indo-Burma trough; ii in middle troposphere, the rapid easterward retreat of the western Pacific subtropicl high form the SCS region, iii in upper troposphere, the fast radiation of the easterlies form the center of the SCS region to the whole of it apparently.

对于南海夏季风建立的气候特征，研究发现：(1)南海夏季风的建立具有爆发性，爆发的时间是5月第4候。(2)南海夏季风的建立与孟加拉湾东部西南季风有密切的关系，是孟加拉湾西南季风发展和东移的结果。(3)南海的夏季风雨季基本上是随着夏季风建立而建立的。(4)在南海夏季风建立期间，南海及其邻近地区高低空环流都有急速的变化，在对流层低层表现为印缅槽的南扩和加深，在对流层中层表现为西太平洋副热带高压迅速东移撤出南海地区，在对流层高层最明显的变化是东风带迅速地从南海中部向北扩展到整个南海地区。

The thermal and quasi-material surface definition of the tropopause are applied in order to derive the height separating the troposphere to the stratosphere.

使用了两种对流层顶的定义来区分对流层和平流层：热力学对流层顶和准物质面对流层顶。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失