对流

The soret effect and Dufour effect on the convective diffusion of VOCs in indoor surroundings was specially investigated.

并采用数值方法研究了室内环境中同时存在温度梯度、湿度梯度和VOCs浓度梯度时的自然对流传热传质现象，着重分析了考虑交叉扩散效应时热瑞利数和浮力比数等对室内VOCs对流扩散的影响。

Content of dust aerosols in desert regions were based on the combined effect of sand model and dust devil- convective plume model, and the latter might be more important.

这表明沙尘暴起沙模型和尘卷风与干热对流的联合起沙模型互为补充，沙漠地区上空的沙尘气溶胶含量是它们共同作用的结果，而由太阳辐射引发的尘卷风与干热对流较沙尘暴过程更为重要。

By analyzing several typical problems concerned with convection heat transfer and comparing the numerical results with the corresponding literatures, the second order full extension ETG finite element method is proved to be of better accuracy and stability.

通过几个典型的对流换热问题的算例分析，并与相关文献比较，证明了二阶全展开ETG有限元法在流场和温度场的计算中都具有较好的稳定性和较高的精度，适于求解对流换热问题。

LES cooperated with the second order full extension ETG finite element method is applied to simulate three typical problems concerned with convection heat transfer with sufficient experimental data. By comparing the numerical results with the experimental results, LES is proved to be of better accuracy and stability when it is used to solve the problems concerned with convection heat transfer. The time history of the flow field and temperature field can be reflected better, and abundant information of the fields can be obtained. Furthermore the details of the change in the vortex structure can be captured.

应用大涡模拟与二阶全展开ETG有限元离散格式相结合的方法对具有实验基础的三个典型对流换热问题进行了数值模拟，并将模拟结果与相应的实验结果进行对比，证明了大涡模拟应用于对流换热问题中具有较高的稳定性和精度，能够较好地反映流场和温度场的时变过程，提供丰富的温度场和流场信息，捕捉流场中旋涡结构的变化细节，尤其适合于边界形状复杂的区段内含有大尺度各向异性涡的流动和换热问题的计算。

While the second order full extension ETG finite element method is applied to solve the problems concerned with natural convection and forced convection, different discretization schemes are deduced respectively. Then the equations are solved by using the technology of variable bandwidth and mass diagonal matrix.

详细推导了应用二阶全展开ETG有限元法求解自然对流和强制对流问题时的有限元列式，并应用压力校正法与质量矩阵对角化及变带宽压缩存储技术对方程进行求解。

The moisture flux in case 2006 was more than case 2005. The frontogenesis process in case 2006 was obvious; it showed that the front system was accompanied with a strong temperature gradient. The mid and low-level frontogenesis process played an important role in the development and maintenance of causing the front convective systems. The jets were formed with the difference of horizontal ageostrophic wind in vertical direction.

由水气收支计算可得到水平水气通量辐合对於对流系统之水气来源扮演正回馈作用，其中2006年个案中水气通量较2005年个案来得大。2006年个案之锋生过程显著，中低层锋生过程扮演导致锋面对流系统之发展与维持重要角色；而低层喷流生成的条件主要来自於横向非地转风垂直分布之喷生作用。

In the initial stage, there is little ice particles, and the rain water form mainly through the collection of cloud water and auto-conversion process. In the growing and mature stage, both the cold and warm rain processes are important. The collections of rain water and graupel with cloud water and the melting of graupel are very important to the rain water. Graupel grows mainly through riming cloud water and colleting snow.

在上述成功模拟的基础上，又对γ中尺度对流系统作了探讨发现，γ中尺度对流系统在不同发展阶段的微物理机制不同：初生阶段时，冰相粒子含量较少，雨水的增长以暖雨过程为主，即依赖碰并云滴和云雨自动转化形成；发展和成熟阶段时，冷雨和暖雨过程并存，雨、霰碰并云水和霰的融化对雨水的形成非常重要，霰主要通过淞附和霰碰并雪增长，雪主要通过淞附增长。

In this paper, a high order accuracy difference method is presented for solving unsteady convection diffusion equation by using Implicit Perturbation Finite Difference scheme.

本文利用摄动差分思想，对定常对流扩散方程中的空间微商系数进行摄动展开，展开幂级数系数通过消去摄动格式修正微分方程的截断误差项求出，由此获得方程的隐式摄动差分格式，将此方法应用于非定常对流扩散方程，并加以修正，得到该方程的修正隐式摄动差分格式。

In this paper, a high order accuracy difference method is presented for solving unsteady convection diffusion equation by using Implicit Perturbation Finite Difference scheme. Firstly, we use the steady convection diffusion equation, the constant coefficients of this equation are expanded to power series of grid-spacings, then the high-order Perturbation Finite Difference scheme is obtained by determining the coefficients of the power series. Put this scheme on unsteady convection diffusion equations and modified it, the IPFD scheme is constructed.

本文利用摄动差分思想，对定常对流扩散方程中的空间微商系数进行摄动展开，展开幂级数系数通过消去摄动格式修正微分方程的截断误差项求出，由此获得方程的隐式摄动差分格式，将此方法应用于非定常对流扩散方程，并加以修正，得到该方程的修正隐式摄动差分格式。

At the same time, we discussed the fittable field of deep convective impressible model comparing with the origional pressible equations.The result is that deep convective impressible model is close to the pressible model and is good to be used to simulate troposphere.

本文首先对中小尺度动力学进行理论探讨，特别是与本文有关的深对流不可压动力学模型，比较它与原始可压运动方程组的联系及其适用范围，表明在对流层的研究中使用浅对流不可压模型是不可行的。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。