对流

And the energy balance equation is applied to describe the temperature field axial orientated.

对流道的径向瞬态温度场分布进行差分求解，对流道轴向的温度分布运用能量平衡方程建立数学模型，并采用松弛迭代求解；最后，考虑流动和冷却过程的温度场分布，对流道径向和轴向温度场的计算结果进行了耦合分析，解决了长期以来只能依靠经验计算热流道温度场的局限。

Because the diffusive term is discretized with divided forward difference or divided backward difference according to the sign of convection velocity, these methods keep first order accuracy for diffusive term.

3.2考虑规则网格上的一维和二维定常型对流占优扩散问题，离散方法采用了有限体积方法及普通的有限差分方法，基本离散思想是将对流项提高到二阶精度，扩散项则根据对流速度的方向决定采用向前或向后差商离散。

A numerical calculation program is written up for the various solution methods in this paper and the program is being used in various aspects of inverse problem of environmental hydraulics, including inverse problem in reverse process of one-dimensional unstable diffusion, inverse problem in reverse process of convection-diffusion, inverse problem for the dispersion coefficient in water quality model, The inverse problem of coefficient identification for nonlinear Boussinesq equation, parameter identification inverse problem for water quality model, the inversion of parameter of BOD-DO water model, the inverse problem of the source of convection-diffusion, identification of the steady-state permeability for two dimensional isotropic medium, two-dimensional steady inverse problem of convection-diffusion and parameter identification inverse problem for two-dimensional parabolic equation, etc.

对本文提出的各种算法，编制了数值计算程序，并把它应用于环境水力学反问题诸多领域，包括污染物一维非恒定扩散逆过程反问题，对流扩散方程逆过程反问题，河流水质纵向弥散系数反问题，非线性Boussinesq方程反问题，河流水质多参数识别反问题，BOD-DO水质模型参数反演问题，对流—扩散方程源项反问题及二维恒定各向同性介质渗透系数反问题，二维定常对流——扩散方程及二维抛物型方程参数控制反问题等。

Our results indicate that not only the poloidal convection patterns in uppermost mantle have good correlations to surface tectonic motion, but also the toroidal ones reveal important information of their horizontal motion and rotation for the first time. There is a SEE_NWW strong convection zone close to the equator in toroidal convection patterns, which probably correlates with the large_scale shear zone near the equator and is the deep dynamic background of strong earthquake occurrence in this zone. The opposite rotating large_scale convection rolls in the Southern and Northern hemispheres suggest that maybe there is differential rotation between them.

研究结果表明，不但地幔浅部的极型场对流图像显示出了与大地构造运动的相关性并揭示了其深部动力学过程，更重要的是，地幔浅部的环型场对流图像首次为我们认识和理解板块构造的水平与旋转运动提供了重要的信息：环型场速度剖面中在赤道附近存在一条大致南东东—北西西向的强对流条带，可能与环赤道附近大型剪切带的形成相关，进而表明可能是该带强震发生的深部动力学背景；在南北半球存在的旋转方向相反的对流环表明它们整体上可能存在差异旋转。

In this paper, the phase-field models coupled with force flow, shear flow and nature convection are introduced respectively.

阐述了相场方法是凝固过程中对流效应数值模拟的有效方法，分别介绍了考虑强迫对流、剪流、自然对流的相场模型，综述了相场方法在对流领域研究中的应用情况，指出了该研究领域目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向。

The annulus model captures the key features of rotating convection in full spherical geometry and has been widely employed to study convection, magnetoconvection and dynamos in planetary systems, usually in connection with the small-gap approximation neglecting the effect of azimuthal curvature of the annulus.

圆环模型被广泛用来研究行星系统的对流，磁对流和发电机。通常在这些研究中用到了小间隙的近似，忽略了圆环的环向曲率效应。我们这一工作用数值模拟方法解完全的非线性对流方程组来研究有限间隙的旋转圆环中的非线性对流。

At last the paper realized the advantages and disadvantages of passive solar building and adnvanced some suggestions in future research. From another point, the paper logged the process of the building of the experimental equipment and the mounting of the measurement equipments that accumulated some operating experimence.Carrying experiments, calculating and analyzing the experimental data for more than 2 years, the paper gained some constructive conclusions. In winter the indoor air temperature and RH are lower than comfort criteria, but people feels very comfortable in the passive solar house. The thermo-circulation formed by Trombe wall play an important role in improving indoor air temperature and RH. Based on the analogy analysis theory, the natural convection heat transfer in the air gap can be treated as superposition of two natural convection heat transfer processes occurring over isolated isothermal vertical flat plate, in this case namely the massive wall and glazing. Two empirical formulas for Q and Nu are obtained. The investigation shows that the optimal time to open the damper should comply with the period that the thermo-circulation happens which can be controlled by thermal response characteristics of Trombe wall surface temperature and air temperature in the air gap.

经过两年多的实测和计算，根据传热学、流体力学、统计学等学科的基础理论，对大量数据进行整理归类、分析讨论，主要得到如下结论：(1)冬季，含有特朗贝墙体的被动式太阳房室内热湿环境较舒适性标准偏低，但人体感觉比较舒适，特朗贝墙体形成的热循环通风在调节室内温度和相对湿度方面起到很大的作用；(2)特朗贝墙体空气间层自然对流可以看作是两个等温独立大平板的自然对流换热过程的叠加，通过与大平板自然对流理论类比获得了计算热循环过程中对流换热量的经验公式；(3)特朗贝墙体通风口的启闭可以根据玻璃幕墙内壁面温度、蓄热墙体外壁面温度和空气间层进出口空气温度之间的关系来进行控制，从而有效地阻挡冬季冷循环的发生；(4)夏季，如没有有效的通风降温措施，被动式太阳房内会产生明显的过热。

The research results are as follow: 1. Through the air convection experiment in laboratory, we find that the real measurement of natural convection in laboratory under obturated circumstances is almost sameness to theory calculation. The most notable part of air convection is in the middle part of crushed stones. The bigger the size of the crushed stones is, the bigger the measured wind value is.

主要结论如下： 1、通过室内模拟自然对流试验，得出在室内封闭条件下测得的自然对流效应跟理论计算值相差不大，自然对流效应最明显的部分位于块石层的中间部位；实测的对流涡包都是由一开始的无序状态往块石层的中间部位发展；随着块石粒径的增大，测得的最大风速值也随之增大。

Any high Re number flow over bodies consists of three basic flows: the flow with convection-dominant in all spatial directions, the flow with convection-diffusion competition in all directions and the flow with convection-dominant in part directions and convection-diffusion competition in part directions, which is called the interacting shear flow; the features of the three basic flows are different; their simplest conservation equations, i.e. the Euler equations, Navier-Stokes equations and diffusion parabolized NS equations, have different mathematical characteristics; there is a great disparity in domains of the three basic flows and the domains of NS equations are very small. Therefore, adopting Euler-DPNS-NS equation system to analyze and compute high Re number flows over bodies is a logical approach. There exists a mutual examined-complemented relationship of this approach with the usual one of adopting only NS equations.

主要内容如下：（1）高Re数绕流包含3种基本流动：所有方向对流占优流动、所有方向对流扩散竞争流动和部分方向对流占优部分方向对流扩散竞争流动，3个基本流动的特征彼此不同且在流场中所占领域大小彼此相差悬殊，NS方程区域很小，它们的最简单控制方程组Euler、Navier-Stokes和扩散抛物化NS方程组的数学性质彼此不同，因此利用Euler-DPNS-NS方程组体系分析计算高Re数绕流流动就是一个合乎逻辑的选择，该法与利用单一NS方程组的常用方法可以彼此检验和补充。

The deflection and circumfluence of flue gas in convection section would affect the heat transfer when one firebox is on decoking operation,and some tube's temperature would be higher.

双辐射室裂解炉采用两个辐射室共用一个对流段的结构，在一侧辐射室正常生产而另一侧进行烧焦操作时，对流室烟气的偏流和回流会引起对流炉管的受热不均，局部对流炉管传热能力下降。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。