对流

Mesoscale model MM5 isused to examine the orographic effect to the precipitation caused by a MesoscaleConvective System over Taiwan. A seriesof sensitive simulations are carried out toinvestigate the sensitivity of model resolution and orographic accuracy to precipitation.

Keywords：orographic effect； MCS； precipitation 台湾地形对1998年6月7-8日中标准对流系统降雨的影响朱晓金张庆红摘要：利用中标准模式MM5研究了台湾地形对中标准对流系统所引起的降雨的影响。

The persistent vertical wind shear provides kinetic energy for development of mesoscale convective systems, therefore is beneficial to the slantwise development of convection cells, and to the occurrence of heavy rain at a fixed point.

持续的高空风垂直切变为对流系统的的发展提供动能，造成对流系统斜压发展，有利于降水集中在某一固定的地点。

For periodic lid-driven velocity with 4 cm/sec, the number of plumes was reduced by 60% as compared to that of UDS without externally imposed forced convection.

在 4 cm/sec强制对流的实验比自然对流的实验减少了60%流道的形成。

The fifth typhoon named HaiTang landed in Fujian in 2005, then it moved to northwest. During this movement, there was a mesoscale convective cloud increasing quickly, within the periphery of cloud cinctures of typhoon connected with tropical convergence cinctures. And the MCS caused heavy rainf all in the eastern and northern part of Wenzhou, which made the more dangerous weather than typhoon. In a word, it was important to research the developmental mechanism of MCS, for the new discovery could contribute to forecasting rainstorm caused by the landing typhoon in the future.

2005年05号台风&海棠&登陆福建后，在外围云系里有个明显发展的中尺度对流云团经过温州东部及北部地区，引起了强降水，从而造成比热带风暴环流本身更具破坏力的强烈天气，因此研究台风内中尺度对流系统的发展机制能够为预报台风灾害提供依据。

That the earth has an iron-rich liquid core, sufficient energy to drive convection and a Coriolis force to twist the convecting fluid are primary reasons why the geodynamo has sustained itself for billions of years.

地球拥有富含铁的液态核心、足够的能量驱动对流，并具有科氏力可使对流的流体扭转，这些是地球发电机之所以能自我维持数十亿年的主要原因。

With the model,flux tubes of plasma were followed in response to convection electric fields.The trajectories,which had been adopted to follow convecting plasma flux tubes was different from each other.

假设一维时变电离层模型描述的磁流管中F层等离子体在对流作用下经过极隙区，随对流路径的不同，磁流管在极隙区经历的时间不同，以此考察极光粒子沉降作用下电离层随时间的演化过程。

The nature of coupling between combustion and fracture are twofold in the convecting combustion process of crack cavity. On the macroscopic scale; the coupling appears as the energy and mass transforming between the solid phase of the cracked body the gas phase of the flow field. On the microscopic scale, the coupling induces the evolution of the microstructures, which leads to degradation of mechanical properties of solid materials.

从燃烧断裂耦合的内在形式来看，包括两大方面的内容：在宏观表象上，表现为在含能材料裂纹的对流燃烧过程中，固相裂纹体和对流燃烧流场之间的质能交换形式的热力耦合；在微细观运动方面，热和力的作用诱发固体材料微细观运动和组分、结构的变化，最终改变固体材料的宏观力学性能，表现为固体材料的热力损伤过程。

The control thermal resistance is that of natural convection and thus heat pipe radiator can be simplified as a vertical plate channel heat radiator. The influence of tilt angle to thermal resistance of heat pipe radiator is also discussed in this paper.

该散热器的控制热阻为翅片与空气间的自然对流热阻，其间的传热可简化为倾斜通道自然对流的传热，在竖直平板通道模型的基础上加以翅片倾斜角度的修正。

Results show that the heavy rainfall event occurred under the favorable environmental conditions, resulted from the interaction of mid-and low-latitude systems. The mesoscale convergence and the mesoscale low triggered the occurrence of the heavy rainfall. Rain clusters bringing the heavy rainfall were related to meso-β systems. The meso-β mesoscale rain clusters appeared to the north of the cyclone center on 1000 hPa after filtering and to the south of the meso-α convergence line on 850 hPa.

分析表明：暴雨发生在高低空流场及中低纬系统配置非常有利的天气背景下，是多种尺度天气系统相互作用的结果；在对流性不稳定层结中，冷空气沿等熵面侵入到中尺度辐合系统中，激发了中尺度低涡的迅速发展，在孟加拉湾和南海源源不断输送的水汽配合下，导致了暴雨的发生；中β尺度对流雨团发生在滤波后1000 hPa 等压面的低涡中心北侧和850 hPa 中α尺度辐合线南侧，呈现暖式切变的降雨特征。

The expression of one-dimensional mathematical model of vertical migration of ammonia in the CRI system is:The parameters in the CRI model are determined as following: the retardarce coefficient is determined by static isothermal absorption experiment, the velocity of sewage travel through the soil column is determined by permeability test, the vertical dispersion coefficient is determined by test the electric conductivity of tracer in the dispersion experiment, the rate of nitrification and denitrification is determined by test of Baps technology.

依据单一氨氮、硝氮配水条件下的试验结果，引入多孔介质的溶质运移理论及对流-弥散方程，考虑NH4+-N在CRI系统中的运移受到对流和水动力弥散作用的影响，并吸附-解吸、硝化与反硝化3个过程，首次将配水流经CRI土柱的孔隙水流速方程与CRI土柱内发生的、以氧为约束条件的硝化、反硝化过程联系起来，建立了CRI系统一维垂向氨氮运移转化数学模型，表达式为：研究分别通过静态等温吸附实验率定了模型方程中的阻滞系数、通过渗滤试验测定了土柱中的孔隙水流速、通过测定弥散试验中示踪剂的电导率确定了纵向弥散系数、通过气压过程分离技术测定了土柱中的总硝化与反硝化反应速率常数，最后通过测定土柱沿程氧化-还原电位的方法分析氨氮在CRI系统中的运移转化机理。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失