对数的

The ocean surface's average pH is currently estimated to be around 8.1, and to have dropped from about 8.2 since around 1800, before the industrial revolution took off, says Zeebe. A reduction of 0.1 units does not sound like much, but pH units are on a logarithmic scale, so a drop of one unit corresponds to a tenfold increase in acidity.

齐伯说：据估计，目前海洋表面的平均 pH 值大约下降到了8.1，在工业革命开始之前的1800年前后， pH 值为8.2.0.1的下降幅度听起来并不大，但是 pH 值单位利用的是对数标度，所以降低一个单位对应着酸度上升10倍。

A model is erected for Fs with logarithmic spiral sliding surface which can simulate the genuine sliding surface better than others,then the express of Fs is deduced based on the upper bound theorem of limit analisis.

采用对实际滑裂面模拟较好的对数螺旋曲线滑裂面，建立了整体稳定安全系数F_c的模型，从极限分析中的上限理论推导了整体稳定安全系数F_c的表达式。

An element of the array is accessed by its index while an element is obtained in memory by its address. So the conversion method from array index to memory address must be generated. In this paper, a novel algorithm of address generation using logic operation for multidimensional array is proposed.

行为级描述中通过数组下标对数组元素进行操作，而存储器的操作要通过存储单元地址来实现，因此需要将数组元素的下标转换成对应的存储单元的地址。

With the natural logarithm applied to the division of layers of thickness, the division of deformation resistance parameters is carried out according to different layers of thickness to solve the self-learning of rolling force. Then, the method of exponential smoothing is introduced into the model to deal with the deformation resistance parameters of each and every layer of thickness.

模型通过自然对数法进行厚度族的划分，并将用于轧制力自学习的变形抗力参数按照不同的厚度族进行区分，最后模型采用了指数平滑法对各个厚度族内的变形抗力参数进行处理。

The new gray-level value natural logarithm ratio Bilateral Neighborhood filtering method can not only well restrain noise but also keep much more weak edges and details of an image, and preserve the original color transition of color images.

新的灰度值自然对数比率双边邻域滤波模型不仅保持了原有双边邻域滤波模型较好的平滑效果，而且保留了尽可能多的细节部分，同时对于彩色图像还保持了原有图像的色彩过渡。

The exterior variables such as the degree of government intervene, the degree of law and regulations, local credit, the enterprise prestige variables (natural logarithm of company asset, current ratio, speed ratio, net profit per share) are remarkably negative related to social moral risk behavior.

2企业外部变量中的政府干预程度、法治水平、地区信用、企业声誉变量(公司资产的自然对数、流动比率、速动比率、每股净利润)对企业道德风险行为的产生存在显著的负相关关系。

By selecting the urban population data of five years after Chinese reform and opening, use double logarithmic model on the research of the Zipf's law between the cities'size and urban hierarchy. By getting the data of Chinese cities'distribution, analyze the development trends of Chinese cities'distribution Zipf's index with the parametric test, nonparametric test and analysis of variance.

本文通过选取改革开放后5年的中国城市人口数据，运用双对数模型对我国城市规模和城市等级之间的Zipf法则关系进行实证研究，在得到我国各个省份城市规模分布值的基础上综合使用参数检验，非参数检验和方差分析等方法对我国城市规模分布Zipf指数的发展趋势做出分析。

The first kind of the digital signature schemes is based on the discrete logarithm problem and second kind of the digital signature scheme is based on discrete logarithm and factorization problem, the third kind of the digital signature schemes is based on quadratic residue problem.

本文第一章对数字签名方案进行分类，根据数字签名方案所基于的数学问题，将签名方案分为：基于离散对数问题的数字签名方案，基于素因子分解问题的数字签名方案和基于二次剩余问题的签名方案。

A 3D particle velocity measurement system was built upon calibration method of multi-layer regular grid and particle space coordinates determination method of iterative approaching developed in this paper.

对不同的粒径和不同的水流条件，颗粒纵向平均速度都符合对数分布规律，垂向和横向的平均速度属于随机波动的范围。

Taking into account the ordinal character of variables ,statistical inference for bidirectionally ordinal square contingency tables with missing data is studied by proposing a loglinear model with restrictions.

在充分考虑分类变量有序性的前提下，通过建立有约束的对数线性模型研究有缺失数据的双向有序方列联表的统计推断问题。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。