对数

The number for which a given logarithm stands; for example, where log x equals y, the x is the antilogarithm of y.

反对数，逆对数一个特定对数代表的数字；例如，如x的对数等于y那么x就是y的反对数

In the first chapter , we consider the law of iterated logarithm with finite partial sum. Under certain condition ,we extend the law of iterated logarithm with finite partial sum for the Wiener process to Gaussian process ; In addition, we apply the law of iterated logarithm of Chung to the finite partial sum condition.

第一章考虑有限项部分和的重对数律，在一定条件下，将 Wiener过程下有限项部分和的重对数律推广到高斯过程中，得到高斯过程下的有限项部分和的重对数律；另外，将Chung氏重对数律进一步推广到有限项部分和的情形下。

Fri particular, the Wittmann-type strong law of larg numbers for independent random variables is generalized to the case of NA random variables. We also present the sufficient and necessary condition of the laws of logarithm, and we extend Teicher-type strong law of the large numbers for sequence of NA random variables. Some of the laws of iterated logarithm of Teicher-type, Egorov-type arid Wittmann-type for sequence of NA random variables are obtained. Then we investigate the rate3f ionvergcll( fbr series of NA randonl variables, we obtain soIne results fbr tl1e Iaws of theiterated logarithttl, the laws of logarithm and decreasing order fOr the tail sum.Risk itllttlysis tlleory is a sigIlifica11t part of insurance InatheInatics.

Wittmann（1985a）关于实独立随机变量列的结果，并给出了NA列强大数律成立的若干条件，特别建立了一般NA列对数律成立的充分必要条件，在二阶矩存在的条件下完整的解决了一般NA列对数律的问题，中文摘要2而已有的一些NA列对数律的结果可以由它推出，给出了NA列的Teiclier型强大数律，表明lbiChCI·（1979）给出的实独立随机变量列的强大数律可以减弱其条件等；建立厂不问分布NA列的Teicfl仪；Egorov，Petrov型有界重对数律，以及加权同分布NA列的有界重对数律，进一步推广了NA列的Kolmogory有界重对数律等，特别对NA列建立了Wittm洲型有界重对数律，而其证明方法与独立情形有很大不同，同时通过反例表明在与独立场合类似的条件下，独立列的Wittmann有界重对数律不能完美的推广到NA歹小惰形；最后研究了NA随机变量级数的收敛速度，给出了尾和下降的阶；尾和的有界重对数律，及尾和对数律成立的充要条件等，并通过反例说明 NA随机变量级数与独立随机变量级数在收敛速度方面存在的差异。

The formation of tooth face is analyzed based on the theory of original curve and area as well as the logarithmic spiral polar coordinates equation.

提出了一种新型锥齿轮-对数螺旋线齿锥齿轮传动形式，并以基曲线和基曲面滚动原理为基础，结合对数螺旋线极坐标方程，分析了对数螺旋线以及对数螺旋线齿锥齿轮齿面的形成过程，建立其了齿面方程。

Results There was a linear trend between logarithmic X and Y, the equation of logarithmic curve was able to be fitted, There was a linear trend between logarithmic Y and X, the equation of exponential curve was able to be fitted, There was a linear trend between logarithmic X and logarithmic Y, the equation of power curve can be fitted. There is a parabola pattern between X and Y, the equation of parabola was able to be fitted.

结果 X取自然对数与Y作散点图有直线趋势，拟合对数曲线方程；Y取自然对数与X作散点图有直线趋势，拟合指数曲线方程；X取自然对数与Y取自然对数作散点图有直线趋势，拟合幂函数曲线方程；原始数据X和Y成抛物线关系，拟合抛物线方程。

The Discrete Logarithm Problem was analyzed. Based on the discrete logarithm in the prime field, and combined with the elliptic curve DLP in the limited domain, a new digital signature was brought up.

分析了离散对数问题，以素数域上的离散对数为基础，同时结合有限域上的椭圆曲线离散对数问题，提出一种新的数字签名方案，其安全性建立在离散对数算法上。

Using augmented Dickey-Fuller test, the result shows that BDI logarithm series is nonstationary but the first difference is stationary, i. e. it is integrated of order one. High-level ARCH effect was certification in the BDI logarithm series by ARCH LM test, and GARCH (1, 1) model was used to eliminate the conditional heteroscedasticity. Through variance ratio test, the result shows, that the random walk hypothesis of BDI logarithm series can be rejected and international dry bulk shipping market is inefficient.

运用ADF检验方法对BDI的对数序列进行平稳性和单整检验，结果证明BDI对数序列是一个非平稳过程，经一阶差分后是平稳过程，即BDI对数序列是一阶单整过程；通过ARCH LM检验认为BDI对数序列存在高阶ARCH效应，并用GARCH(1，1)模型消除了残差序列的条件异方差性；通过方差比检验法对国际干散货航运市场的收益率序列进行了检验，结果显示BDI的对数序列的随机游走假设被拒绝，国际干散货航运市场不是一个有效的市场。

And the conditions in cell suspension culture of Mikania micrantha were studied. The results showed that sucrose was the compatible carbon sucrose, and 30g/L sucrose concentration can satisfy the growth of Mikania micrantha cell; ammonium was absorbed under different sucrose concentration that haven't demonstrated significant specificity, and was completely absorbed on the lag phase and the early logarithmic phase; while nitrate was mainly absorbed on logarithmic phase. The density-dependent of Mikania micrantha cell starting to grow and density-inhibited of cell growth were proposed, the fittest inoculating quantity of Mikania micrantha in cell suspension culture was 40g/L.

并对微甘菊细胞悬浮培养条件进行研究，结果表明，微甘菊细胞生长适宜的碳源是蔗糖，并且较合适的蔗糖浓度为30g／L；在不同蔗糖浓度下氨基氮的吸收差别不大，氨基氮在迟滞期和对数期前期已基本消耗完毕，对数期生长主要利用硝基氮，因而提出，在微甘菊细胞液体悬浮培养中，氮源可以采用初始低氨基氮浓度，对数期中间维持高硝基氮，而且对数期中逐步流加少量的氨基氮；微甘菊细胞迟滞期分裂启动存在密度依赖现象，对数期生长存在密度抑制现象，最适接种量为40g／L。

started with the analysis of characteristic parameter of the successive detection logarithmic amplifier,mainly discusses the main factor affecting its transfer characteristic by mathematics reasoning to its transfer function,studies the correlative relations of the single stair′s plus,the series with the dynamic range and the logarithmic precision by matlab and matrixx simulation.so two pieces of conclusion have been reached:one is on condition that the dynamic range is limited,the more the series that is used and the single stair′s plus is less,the higher the logarithmic precision is.the other is that using the double amplifier chain can enhance the logarithm starting point,so its stability is improved.and the conclusion has been applied to the practical circuit′s analysis of the tacan beaconing receiver.

摘 要：从分析连续检波式对数放大器的特性参数入手，对其传输函数进行了数学推导，重点讨论了影响其传输特性的主要因素，通过matlab和matrixx仿真，研究了输入动态范围与级联级数、单级增益和对数精度的相互关系，得出了两点结论：一是在限定动态范围的前提下采用的级数越多其单级增益越小而精度就会越高，二是采用双放大链结构可以提高对数起点，从而提高其稳定性。最后将结论应用于塔康信标接收机实际电路的分析中。关键词：对数放大器；连续检波；塔康信标；对数精度

For total absorption coefficient at 443 nm (a443), the root-mean-square-error is 0.046 in the South China Sea, with an averaged percentage error of 7.9%, and averaged error in log scale close to 0. For coastal waters off Fujian, RMSE, an averaged percentage error and δ are 0.194, 30.6%, and -0.167, respectively.

对于443 nm的总吸收系数（a443 ），南海的对数均方根误差为0.046，平均相对误差为7.9%，对数平均偏差为0；福建沿岸水体的对数均方根误差为0.194，平均相对误差为30.6%，对数平均偏差为-0.167 。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。