对外贸易

With the constant developing of economic integration and globalization, China, as the third largest international trade country, has played an important role to the international economy. The issues arising from international trade have attracted widely attentions, So demonstration analyzing the relations between foreign trade and Economic growth is very useful both in theory and empirical.

随着经济一体化和全球化趋势的不断深入，作为世界第三大贸易国的中国其对外贸易对经济的影响应会越来越大，贸易对经济增长影响的问题引起了国内外学者的广泛关注，因此对我国对外贸易与经济增长的作用进行分析具有重要的理论意义和实际意义。

Article 51 The state formulates its strategy for foreign trade development, establishes and improves its foreign trade promotion mechanisms.

第五十一条国家制定对外贸易发展战略，建立和完善对外贸易促进机制。

Article 53 The state employs such foreign trade promotion measures as import and export credit, export credit insurance, export tax refund, etc.

第五十三条国家通过进出口信贷、出口信用保险、出口退税及其他促进对外贸易的方式，发展对外贸易。

The Holy Office, however, bad exclusive control in foro externo over all impediments connected with or juridically bearing on matters of faith, eg disparity of worship, mixta religio, Holy orders, etc. The dispensing power in foro interno lay with the Penitentiaria, and in the case of pauperes or quasi-pauperes this same Congregation had dispensing power over public impediments in foro externo.

神圣的办公室，不过，坏的独家控制在对外贸易论坛的所有障碍，与法律上或事关事宜的信仰，如贫富悬殊的崇拜， mixta religio ，圣令等配药权在论坛内部裁员与penitentiaria ，在案件pauperes或准pauperes这同样聚集了配药权阻碍公众论坛在对外贸易。

The new changes of the competitive microenvironment and macroenvironment will have both positive and negative effects on our country's foreign trade.

我国对外贸易面对宏观和微观环境的新的竞争环境的变化，形成对我国对外贸易积极的影响和不利的影响。

This thesis further combines the previous examination with an investigation of global trade practices of both ancient and pre-1920's China so as to systematically dissect the development and evolution of thinking that has underlined the international trade of modern China.

总结了当代中国对外贸易思想的理论基础以及西方传统国际贸易理论与西方新贸易理论对中国对外贸易思想的影响。

The results show that there is a stable long-term equilibrium between financial development and economic growth, fixed-asset investment, foreign trade in Jiangsu Province.

结论表明：江苏省金融发展与经济增长、固定资产投资、对外贸易有着长期稳定的均衡关系，金融发展较对外贸易与固定资产投资对经济增长具有更强的促进作用，江苏省金融发展是经济增长和固定资产投资的原因，而非对外贸易的原因。

The important foreign trade laws developed in the first stage include Navigation Acts, Embargo Act, the Tariff Act of 1816, Mckinley Tariff Act, Dingley Tariff Act, Underwood Tariff Act, the Anti-Dumping Act of 1916 and the Tariff Act of 1930. The important laws in the second stage are the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act and the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. The ones in the third stage are the 1974 Trade Act, Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Bipartisan Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002 and Byrd Amendment.

贸易保护&阶段的重要对外贸易立法包括《航海条例》、《禁运法案》、《1816年关税法》、《麦金利税则》、《丁利税则》、《安德伍德税则》、《1916年反倾销法》及《1930年关税法》；&倡导贸易自由化&阶段的重要对外贸易立法包括《1934年互惠贸易协定法》及《1962年贸易扩展法》；&公平贸易阶段的重要对外贸易立法包括《1974年贸易法》、《1988年综合贸易与竞争法》、《2002贸易促进授权法案》及《伯德修正案》。

China-Base Ningbo Foreign Trade Co., Ltd., Growing out of China Export Base Development Ningbo Corporation which was established in 1985, is a new-model trans-professional, trans-regional, trans-ownship share-holding enterprise with the registered capital of RMB yuan 120 million.

商务部在去年我国对外贸易排名中，中基宁波对外贸易股份有限公司荣登《国际商报》公布的&龙虎榜&。2003年，中基宁波对外贸易股份有限公司进出口额7.7765亿美元，名列宁波市第一。

Based on the study of scholars at home and abroad and from the point of theoretical and empirical study, this paper analyses the impact of foreign trade and FDI over China's business cycle using many econometric methods such as Unit Root Test, Co-integration Tests, Granger Test, Pulse-response Function and variance decomposition based on VAR model and draws the conclusion as follows:Firstly,there is a close relationship among foreign trade, FDI and business cycle. Foreign trade and FDI are the important transmission channel of the economic cycle. Secondly, the impact to economic fluctuation from foreign trade is greater than that of FDI. Thirdly, In the long time, there is fine interactive circulation among foreign trade, FDI and economic growth. When the short-term deviation from equilibrium happens, there is a self-balanced mechanism in the system.Fourthly,the active effect outweighs the negative effect which the foreign trade and FDI brings.

本文在国内外学者研究成果的基础上，从理论和实证两个方面，运用单位根检验、协整检验、格兰杰因果检验、基于VAR模型的脉冲响应分析及方差分解等计量经济学的方法，从比较的角度分析了对外贸易及FDI对我国经济周期波动的影响，得出结论如下：首先，对外贸易、FDI与我国经济的波动有着显著的关系，二者是传递经济周期的重要渠道；其次，对外贸易对我国经济波动的影响要大于FDI的作用；第三，长期看我国FDI、对外贸易和经济增长之间形成良好的互动循环，当系统短期内偏离均衡状态时，系统存在一个自我均衡机制；第四，对外贸易及FDI对我国经济周期波动产生的积极效应要远大于它所带来的负面效应。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。