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We introduce convex,and in particular semidefinite,optimization methods,duality and complexity theory to shed new light to this relation for the single stock problem, given moments of the prices of the underlying assets,we show that we can find best possible bounds on option prices with general payoff funcations efficiently,either algorithmically(solving a semidefinite optimization problem)or in closed form, conversely,given observable option prices,we provide best possible bounds on moments of the prices of the underlying assets,as well as on the prices of the other options on the same asset by sovling linear optimization problems for options that are affected by multiple stocks either directly(the payoff of the option depends on multiple stocks)or indirectly(we have information on correlations between stock prices),we find on-optimal bounds using convex optimization methods,however,we show that it is NP-hard to find best possible bounds in multiple dimensions,we extend our results to incorporate transactions costs,this paper,in theory and practice can provide a reference to researchers and designers about Chinese financial derivative products,the full text is divided into six chapters as follows: ChapterⅠ:Papers on the background and significance of the subjects on a number of option pricing models as well as their advantages and shortcomings of the model and describes the status of research and writing papers and the main contents of the basic idea.

相应地，给定期权价格，也能够出标的资产瞬时价格的最有可能的最好的界。还有通过解决一个线性最优化问题，根据同一标的资产的其他期权的价格来找到这个期权的界值，对于期权受到多种股票价格直接影响(期权的收益依赖于多种股票)或者间接影响(我们有股票之间联系的有用信息)，如果使用凸规划方法我们就会发现没有最优的界，也能够证明对于多维情形确实是很难找到最优的最有可能的界值，最后将这一结论推广到考虑交易成本的情况。本文在理论和实践上给我国金融衍生产品研究者和设计者提供一定的参考。全文共分为六章，具体安排如下：第一章：阐述论文的选题背景和意义，介绍期权定价的一些模型以及这些模型的优点与缺点，并介绍国内外研究的现状以及论文的写作基本思路与主要内容。

This research has great theoretical and practical significance to the profusion, perfection of special education theory and to the development of musical education towards those children with special characteristics.

因此，本课题的研究，对于丰富、完善特殊教育的理论，对于促进特殊儿童音乐教育的发展，具有重要的理论和实践意义。

At present , China Securities Law and China Corporate Law have prohibitory regulations on manipulation ,but in our regulation system of securities market, administrative penalty and criminal punishment occupy a disproportional importance , while civil liability is being ignored seriously .

对于操纵市场，我国证券立法上有明确的禁止性规定，但对于其法律规制还仅限刑事和行政方面，忽略了对操纵行为人民事责任的追究，忽略了对受损害的投资者以私权上的救济。产生这种现状，主要是因为我国重刑轻民的法律文化传统以及立法者十分注重《证券法》的公法属性，淡忘了其私法属性。

Considering the fact that the self constraints of the design variables can be formulated as the linear functions in the present process optimization, the nonlinear part of the constraints is dealt by introducing the concept of active constraint set. The linear part is dealt by the gradient projection method specially.

同时考虑到现在的优化求解问题中，设计变量自身的约束可以合理地表示成线性函数的形式，因此对于优化问题的非线性约束部分，通过引入活动约束集的概念进行处理；而对于线性边界约束，则采用梯度投影法作专门处理。

Regarding" the iceberg principle", Hemingway "Dies in Afternoon" writes:"If a proser wants to write regarding him in the thing heart knows how things stand very much, then he possibly abbreviates the thing which he knew, reader, so long as the writer writes really, can strong feeling he abbreviate the place, probably the author writes resembles."

对于"冰山原则"，海明威自己在《午后之死》写道："如果一位散文家对于他想写的东西心里很有数，那么他可能省略他所知道的东西，读者呢，只要作家写得真实，会强烈的感觉到他所省略的地方，好象作者写出来似的。"

While early studies focused on the potential roles in health and disease of provitamin A carotenoids, such as b-carotene, research over the past decade has provided a framework for our understanding of the functions of non-provitamin A carotenoids such as lycopene, especially in regards to its association with a reduced risk of a number of chronic diseases, including cancer.

人们早期的研究多关注于如β胡萝卜素等维生素A前体类胡萝卜素对于健康和疾病的潜在作用，而近几十年的研究为对于如番茄红素等非维生素A前体类胡萝卜素的功能认知提供了参考，特别是关于它与降低包括癌症在内等慢性病的患病风险的联系。

You may have a taste for more unusual forms of love, and you should not let an outmoded morality or a prudish partner hold you back from new experiences.

对于那些异乎寻常的爱情模式你有着独特的品味，尽量不要因为那些老旧的道德观或过于古板的另一半而束缚你的对于它们的全新体验。

PS: (1)To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world.

对于世界而言，你是一个人；但是对于某个人，你是他的整个世界。

Finally,we discuss the mixing and decays of multi-resonances via studying the properties of the pseudoscalar and scalar mesons.For the pseudoscalar mesons, we find the eta(1410) is mainly a glueball state by studying the decays of the ground pseudoscalar mesons. For the scalar mesons, we suggest the ground mesons contain neglect

对于赝标介子，通过研究它们的衰变发现eta(1410)的主要成分是胶球，对于标量介子，借助描述五个标量介子混合的质量矩阵，通过拟合观察到的标量介子的质量，发现基态标量介子中的胶球成分可以忽略，而其径向激发态中含有比较多的胶球成分。

Rna - Rns, see "Partitioning of net radiation", for multiple plants the fraction of radiation to each plant is calculated in the radiation section, see "Partitioning of radiation between plants", es is the vapour pressure at saturation, ea is the actual vapour pressure,ρa is air density, cp is the specific heat of air at constant pressure, Lν is the latent heat of vaporisation,Δ is the slope of saturated vapour pressure versus temperature curve,γ is the psychrometer "constant", rs is an "effective" surface resistance and ra is the aerodynamic resistance.

潜在蒸腾量 Etp 根据Monteith(1965)给出的彭曼联合方程形式计算：式中： Rn 为对于蒸腾的有效净辐射量(也就是 Rna - Rns ，见"净辐射划分"-Partitioning of net radiation，对于多重植被，每一株植物的辐射比率的计算见辐射一节的"植物间的辐射划分"Partitioning of radiation between plants)； es 为饱和水气压；ea 为实际水气压；ρa 为空气密度； cp 为常压下的空气比热；Lν为汽化潜热；Δ为与温度曲线饱和水气压关系曲线斜率；γ为干湿球湿度计"常数"；rs 为"有效"表面阻力；ra 为气动阻力。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。