家庭经济

The urban-rural gap results in a series of problems such as serious segmentation between the urban and the rural, more conflicts, lag of economy development in the rural, which has hindered sustainable economic development and social stability and advancement.

中国典型的城乡二元经济结构造成了城乡居民在收入、消费结构、家庭财富、医疗、教育等方面的巨大差距，并由此产生了城乡社会严重分割、农村经济发展滞后、城乡矛盾日益加剧等一系列问题，严重阻碍了中国经济的可持续发展和社会的稳定、进步。

If that husband and wife don't cultivate DaoDe and improve their morals, their family will easily transform to the one like icehouse, battle and sauna under the influence of the external cause---increasingly degenerate social morality. At last, that family will disaggregate.

特别是对因为是恶缘、报缘本因而组成的家庭，对那些不能修养道德，不继续提升夫慈妇贤品质，纯以经济利益构建关系的家庭，在社会道德滑坡不止的外因作用下，也就必然容易蜕变成冰窖式、战场式、桑纳式的家庭，最终难以避免解体的厄运。

Families thought there were hygiene problems in familial banquets, such as dishwares disinfection, rural caterers operations and cold dishes cooking. 96.2% families expected some relevant supervisions to be carried out. The results above illuminate that rural familial banquets are popular in countryside, appropriate way is to improve the occasion.

而经济实惠是农村家庭选择自办家宴的最主要原因。45.2％的家庭认为自办家宴有卫生问题，且主要存在于餐饮具卫生、民间厨师加工操作卫生、凉菜制作卫生等环节。96.2％的家庭期望出台相应的管理措施。

The problems of alcohol abuse, drug use and gambling addiction are particularly serious among Uighurs, which result widespread domestic conflict and violence, and have produced a large number of broken families, leaving many Uighur kids grown up without the opportunity to learn basic ethics and job skills, and become virtually unemployable.

而很多维族人喜好赌博、酗酒和毒品，造成家庭不和睦，对小孩的教育也起了很坏的影响。由于缺乏教育和技能，这部分人长大后在现在的经济社会中逐渐失去自己的经济来源。没有了经济来源，又长期缺乏法律和道德观念，逐渐形成了这样一个群体。这个群体主要以小型犯罪为生活经济来源，天天就是三五成群到处晃，抢劫、敲诈、盗窃、打架、酗酒、吸毒。

Results Poor social economic status was prevalent in the longevous elderly population. The elderly people had limited social contacts except from their families. The daily lives of 65.0% of the longevous elderly were taken care of by their families. More than 81.8% of the longevous elderly people were financially supported by their families. About 89.2% of the longevous elderly people had accessed to spiritual supports in difficult circumstances, among 88.7% came from families.

结果 被访老人社会经济地位普遍低下；其社会网络主要是家庭，社会接触单一，但是能够从中得到较高的社会支持：65.0%老人日常生活主要由子女照顾，81.8%主要经济来源于家庭，在遇到困难时89.2%的老人曾经得到过安慰和关心，多数情况下(88.7%)是源自子女的关怀。

This case study shows that the interplay of patrilineal kinship and capitalism contributed to the transformations of divisions of domestic labor in post-war Taiwanese families. Women's diverse identities were shaped by patriliny and yet their resistance contributed to transform patrilocal principles. However, constrained by the limited economic resources of the elder women, the div isions of labor in contemporary Taiwan society remains gendered.

本文以四十位女性的家务分工经验呈现出父系家庭之下差异的女性认同，诠释不同亲属位置的家庭成员如何援用各种资源来巩固或对抗父系规范，最后总结：台湾中产阶级的家务安排因市场经济与父系亲属的交互作用而产生变迁，女性在父系家庭中的差异认同及抗拒策略虽然改变了父系规范，但有限的经济资源，却又使得性别化的家务分工持续存在。

On the basis of legal relationship analyzing, the paper would find out the recent developments and defects of our country's affordable housing system. The recent developments include: defining the guarantee nature of the affordable housing, endowing the low-income group the right of being protected by the affordable housing system, making sue the land for affordable housing construction should take the priority, letting the government have the right to sale the affordable housing, defining and regulating the ownership of affordable housing and supervising the government power. The defects of the system include: lacking legislative system and specialized authorities, the monotonous operation way, imperfect supervising system and unconsummated related systems.

在此基础上，分析我国现行经济适用房制度的近期发展及不足之处：其中制度的近期发展主要有经济适用房保障性的归位、明确赋予低收入困难家庭保障对象资格、确保经济适用房建设用地的优先划拨权、收回政府对经济适用房的销售权、明确经济适用房的产权制度及退出机制以及增加对政府行为的监督规定等；而不足之处还有立法层次底、缺乏主管部门、运行模式单一、监督机制不完善以及相关配套制度不完善等。

Marriage is the foundation of family;family is the cell of society.

摘要婚姻是家庭的基础，家庭是社会的细胞，婚姻家庭的和谐、稳定，关系着社会的稳定，经济的繁荣。

In view of executive power to intervene in the allocation of resources over the reality of the situation, should intensify their efforts to clean up the recent各种乱收费, levies, and shut the power of the currency market of the "gray channel" reflects the strong focus on cleaning up the community, do not lead to monopolies fair competition policy, and actively create a fair and regulated competitive environment, maximizing the contribution of income and reflected on and so on; to be a more effective means of remediation of illegal income, seek to abuse the interests of individuals or small groups with severe punishment imposed for corruption ; At the same time, it is necessary to speed up the reform of the political system, and promote democratization and openness in decision-making, and strengthen the public service and acts of administrative bodies at all levels of supervision and constraints on the exercise of such power by the process of forming a comprehensive and reasonable mechanism for binding.

当中产阶级成为一个国家的主流群体时，就会结成一张维护社会长治久安的&安全网&。如果说&社会稳定是压倒一切的政治任务&的话，那么，扩大中产阶级的比重就是实现稳定的社会基础。如何促进中国中产阶级的快速发展？笔者认为当前应特别重视以下几个方面：（1）加强法律保护的力度。实践证明，只有依法保护私人产权和维护社会公正，才能促使人们凭借勤劳和智慧去创造财富，才能抑制少数人依仗权势&寻租&和通过贪污腐败手段暴富，才能防止百姓的私有财产不被权贵势力非法侵吞。这样，所有的人将可平等地获得上升的机会，私人资本和职业阶层也会有更大的成长空间。（2）大力发展公共教育事业。知识能够帮助人们改变命运，只有大力发展公共教育，才能使更多的人得到平等分享经济增长成果的机会，这是知识经济时代培育中产阶级的&树人工程&。我们要尽快普及12年制义务教育，大力开展终身教育，打造更多的学习型组织，营造学习型社会的氛围，从而使更多的人通过攀登知识阶梯而升入中产阶级。（3）加快金融创新。中国居民目前工资收入在家庭收入中的比重平均为70％左右，大大高于发达国家50％的水平。工资收入在家庭收入中的占比过大，自然会减缓大多数人进入中产阶级行列的步伐。我们认为，要提高居民收入中非工资收入的比重，最重要的措施就要培育居民的投资意识，并通过金融创新为他们提供多样化的投资工具（如形式多样的共同基金等）。（4）提高专业技术人员、经营管理者、教师、研究人员、公务员等智力劳动者的收入，鼓励智力劳动者进行智力投资，并保护相应的合法权益。（5）建立职业经理人激励机制（包括年薪、奖金、红股、期权等方式），形成职业经理人致富与企业发展互动的财富积累机制。

What the labor participation rate depends on is explained by economists by all kinds of theories from the angle of individual and family,including wage change rate,family time arrangement,tax-cut policy,rational expectation and so on.

摘 要：劳动参与率反映了一个地区劳动力参与活动的程度，同时也反映经济的活跃程度和状况。什么决定劳动参与率？经济学者们从个人或家庭等角度出发，先后提出各种予以解释，包括工资变动、家庭时间分配、减税政策、理性预期等。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。