家庭经济

First, from the viewpoints of population, family, economy, and culture transitions, several important factors influencing the elderly in the transitional China are dealt with. Second, in the three aspects of economic sources, daily care and emotional consol...

从人口、家庭、经济和社会文化变迁的角度，探索了中国社会转型期影响老年人生活状况的几大因素；从经济来源、日常生活照料和精神慰藉方面剖析了处于社会转型期的老年人所面临的家庭养老危机；提出了改善老年人生活现状的对策。

Based on lots of investigation of materials and questionnaire survey, this thesis makes a deep study on tourist consumption for Zibo. The basic theory of the paper is ethnology, marketing, psychics, economics, demotics, management science and so on.

本文以城市核心家庭为研究对象，以家庭旅游消费特征研究为视角，以社会经济发展水平较高的淄博市为例，在大量资料分析和问卷调查的基础上，以家庭学、市场学、行为学、经济学、社会学、管理学等相关理论为指导，对家庭旅游消费进行深入研究。

Based on the data from a survey entitled the status of the old in Shanghai and follow-up survey on old people's desire, this paper analyzes the type of intergeneration economic flow in urban old people s family and finds the type of intergeneration economy flow differed with gender, age, educational and marriage status.

文章采用"上海市老年人口状况与意愿跟踪调查"的数据，对不同人口学特征的城市老年人家庭代际经济流动类型进行分析，发现城市老年人家庭代际经济流动类型的性别差异、年龄差异、受教育程度差异和婚姻差异。

The analytical approach/tool of MultipleScale Integrated Assessment of Societal Metabolism, proposed by Mario Giampietro,Kozo Mayumi, et al., based on the congruence among resource "Human Activities", resource "Exosomatic Energy Flows", and "Added Value Flows" in the hierarchical socioeconomic systems, using, in an integrated way, incommensurable variables referring to nonequivalent descriptive domains(coming from various scientific disciplines) and data gathered at distinct hierarchical levels, addresses the various relevant dimensions of societal development and sustainability.

社会代谢多尺度综合评估"分析方法，根据"人类活动"资源、"体外能"资源和"增加值三者在社会经济系统中的叠合关系，将各个尺度（如国家、经济部门、次级部门、省/州、社区、直至个别家庭）上，社会经济系统的能量代谢过程，与该系统的经济、人口（如人口的年龄结构和性别构成）、生态和社会（如义务教育和退休年龄的规定）特征结合起来，利用多个关系式，计算出社会经济系统的人类活动量、体外能投入量、劳动生产率、生物—经济压力和体外能超循环强度等参数、指标，进而综合地分析评估社会经济系统发展与可持续性。

The change of the rural governance in the part of the State's viewpoint, the change of economic and political institution in rural area , the adjustment of law relation among familial members , and the evolvement of the social structure all have impacts on the effectiveness of family support for the elderly and oldster's welfare.

本文以治理和善治为分析框架，在实证研究的基础上，通过对传统时期、集体化时期、后集体时期的乡村治理与老人福利变迁的历史考察和后集体时期不同区域类型的乡村治理与老人福利的差异比较，得出如下结论：(1)不同时期老人福利状况不同，并不是家庭养老模式发生了变化，而是家庭养老的制度基础发生了变化，其关键因素是支持农村社区组织控制社区经济和约束社区成员的国家意识形态、经济体制、政治制度、法律文化等方面发生了变化；(2)中国发展是不均衡的，后集体时期，我国治理农村的制度框架基本相同，都是乡政村治、分户经营，但不同的地区的老人福利也有很大的差异，其主要原因是不同区域类型的村庄有不同的社会结构，其老人的社会地位和不孝行为所受村庄公共舆论约束力不同；不同区域的乡村组织状况不同，其乡村干部保障老人福利的意愿和力度不同；(3)在现有的乡村治理模式中，选举老人特别是在村庄定居的退休干部担任村组干部，发展自治性的老年协会和开展经常性的、群体性的老年文体娱乐活动，可以提高老人福利、改善乡村治理。

The first part is about the actuality that the laid-off family has hold the Economic Capital, the Cultural Capital and the Social Capital and analyzes the causes by comparing the laid-off family with the other family. On this basis it points out that children have an infaust position in education field because of the small education capital proportion the laid-off workers hold.

本文第一部分首先通过下岗职工家庭与在岗职工家庭的对比，介绍了下岗职工家庭在经济资本、文化资本和社会资本拥有上的现状，并分析了产生的原因，在此基础上指出下岗职工家庭由于在各类教育资本的占有量上处于劣势，使其子女在教育场域中处于&装备&弱势和先决弱势。

Then it is going to analyze the influence of "assisting house" by using sociological theories,such as social stratification, individual socialization,family socialization.Under sociological view,the social influence of "assisting house" mainly includes the following several aspects,First,the changes which brings to the family:help to reduce the feminizes life pressure in the working couples family;help to strengthen the female\'s the economic status in the family;help to compensates child\'s partial family sentiment flaw;help to provide some social conditions for the only child to develop healthy personality;help to promote child\'s socialization progress;Next,to school influences: impact on the structure of the cultural transmission and the education authority that school is on the center;give to school some effective educational supplementary;Once more,promote education administration departments to reconsideration.

然后运用社会学的社会分层、个体社会化、家庭社会化等理论，在社会学的视角下分析了&助学所&的社会影响，主要包括以下几个方面：首先，给家庭带来的变化：有助于减轻双职工家庭中女性的生活(来源：Aa676BC论文网www.abclunwen.com)压力；有助于增强女性在家庭中经济地位；有助于补偿儿童的部分家庭感情缺失；有助于为独生子女提供人格健康发展的社会条件；有助于推动儿童的社会化进程；其次，对学校的影响：对以学校为中心的文化传递结构与教育权威的冲击；对学校教育进行有效的补充；再次，促进教育管理部门的反思。

What the labor participation rate depends on is explained by economists by all kinds of theories from the angle of individual and family,including wage change rate,family time arrangement,tax-cut policy,rational expectation and so on.

摘 要：劳动参与率反映了一个地区劳动力参与社会经济活动的程度，同时也反映经济的活跃程度和发展状况。什么决定劳动参与率？经济学者们从个人或家庭等角度出发，先后提出各种理论予以解释，包括工资变动、家庭时间分配、减税政策、理性预期等。

The analytical approach/tool of MultipleScale Integrated Assessment of Societal Metabolism, proposed by Mario Giampietro,Kozo Mayumi, et al., based on the congruence among resource "Human Activities", resource "Exosomatic Energy Flows", and "Added Value Flows" in the hierarchical socioeconomic systems, using, in an integrated way, incommensurable variables referring to nonequivalent descriptive domains(coming from various scientific disciplines) and data gathered at distinct hierarchical levels, addresses the various relevant dimensions of societal development and sustainability.

社会代谢多尺度综合评估&分析方法，根据&人类活动&资源、&体外能&资源和&增加值三者在社会经济系统中的叠合关系，将各个尺度（如国家、经济部门、次级部门、省/州、社区、直至个别家庭）上，社会经济系统的能量代谢过程，与该系统的经济、人口（如人口的年龄结构和性别构成）、生态和社会（如义务教育和退休年龄的规定）特征结合起来，利用多个关系式，计算出社会经济系统的人类活动量、体外能投入量、劳动生产率、生物—经济压力和体外能超循环强度等参数、指标，进而综合地分析评估社会经济系统发展与可持续性。

Chapter 2 analyzes the traditional self-farming and farming-employed farming methods of the two main features; Chapter 3 is that about when the employer has been artificially cultivated after the elimination, only the self-farming; Chapter 4 is the traditional family smallholder farming production period on the way; Chapter 5 is a special historical period, the period of economic collectivization, In this paper, the period of collective farming as a total cultivated; Chapter 6 is still in accordance with the time and context with it. When the collective total cultivated end, after the family returned to farming, only this time, in family farming with the traditional small family farming periods vary. Chapter 7 is about modern machinery which widely practiced in another way when a new concept of farming and farming methods.

第二章主要分析的是传统社会自耕和雇耕两种耕作方式的主要特点；第三章介绍的是当雇耕被人为的消灭之后，只剩下自耕时的情况；第四章则是到了传统的家庭小农生产时期的耕作方式的介绍；第五章是一个特殊的历史时期，即集体化的经济时期，本文将这个时期的耕作方式称之为集体共耕；第六章仍旧是依照时间脉络顺之而下，当集体共耕结束后，重又回归到家庭耕作的方式，只是这时候的家庭耕作又与传统的小农家庭耕作时期有所不同；到第七章则是现代化机器广泛实行时的又一种全新的耕作理念和耕作方式。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。