宪章

But Mr Horspool's achievement is to show the sheer extent to which rebellion in its many different shapes and forms has been a continuous and conscious tradition shaping the behaviour of both the ruled and their rulers. The Levellers in the 17th century saw their oppression as dating from the imposition of the "Norman yoke" in the 11th century; the 19th-century Chartists took their inspiration from Magna Carta in the 13th century; and those late 20th- century rebels defying Mrs Thatcher's poll tax referred directly back to the Peasants' Revolt of the 14th century.

但是，霍斯普先生的成就在于他表明了：各种形式的反叛，在某种决定性的意义上，构成了一种有意识的，不断地在塑造着统治者与被统治者行为的历史传统。17世纪的平等派把他们所受到的镇压一直追溯到11世纪的&诺曼之轭&[注4]，19世纪的宪章派从13世纪的大宪章汲取灵感，而在20世纪后期反抗撒切尔人头税的人们，则把14世纪农民起义看作自己的直接渊源。

It was written in Magna Charta.

它被载人了英国大宪章。

The Church's Magna Charta, however, are the words of Institution,"This is my body - this is my blood", whose literal meaning she has uninterruptedly adhered to from the earliest times.

教堂的大宪章，但是，是的话，机构，&这是我的身体-这是我的血&，其字面意思，她不断坚持从最早的时候。

Magna Charta has been rightly regarded as a turning point in English history.

历史上很长一段时间，大宪章的条款被当作法律准则。

This enactment , which an Anglican bishop in recent times has aptly described as " the Magna Charta of tyranny " remains in force to the present day .

这个立法，其中圣公会主教最近一个时期恰当地描述为&大宪章的暴政&仍然生效，以目前一天。

Consequently, the power of free proof of evidence in rule-of-law nations was vested in judicial judges, in order to ensure the proof of facts in a right way in cases, which is called free proof and highly valued in countries of the Continental Law System as "foundations of findings of fact without prejudice, Magna Charta of principles of proof of evidence, and non -convertible choice of evidence system in its evolution".

因此，近代以来，法治国家为了保证具体案件中事实认定的正确，纷纷赋予事实审理者自由判断证据和自主认定事实的权力，由此在诉讼中确立了自由心证制度。在大陆法系国家，这一制度被广泛地誉为&无偏见的事实认定的基石、证据判断原则的大宪章、证据制度进化过程中的不可逆转的选择&。

Nullus liber homo" says the great charters,"aliquo modo destruatur, nisi per legale judicium parium suorum aut per legem terrae.

大宪章明确写道：&未经与其地位相当的人的合法审判或王国的法律，任何自由人都不得被剥夺生命。&

We extracted tannins from oak bark to tan leather, and we've turned to oak galls to make the ink in which the great works of European art and poetry, as well as the American Constitution, are written.

我们从橡树皮提取单宁酸来加工皮革。我们用栎五倍子来制造墨水，而那些欧洲艺术巨作和美国的宪章都是用这种墨水书写的。

Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience.

为了上帝的荣耀，为了增强基督教信仰，为了提高我们国王和国家的荣誉，我们漂洋过海，在弗吉尼亚北部开发第一个殖民地。我们在上帝面前共同立誓签约，自愿结为一民众自治团体。为了使上述目的能得到更好地实施、维护和发展，将来不时依此而制定颁布的被认为是这个殖民地全体人民都最适合、最方便的法律、法规、条令、宪章和公职，我们都保证遵守和服从。

Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.

我们在上帝面前共同立誓签约，自愿结为一民众自治团体。为了使上述目的能得到更好地实施、维护和发展，将来不时依此而制定颁布的被认为是对这个殖民地全体人民都最适合、最方便的法律、法规、条令、宪章和公职，我们都保证遵守和服从。据此于主后l620年11月11日，于英格兰、法兰西、爱尔兰第十八世国王暨苏格兰第五十四世国王詹姆斯陛下在位之年，我们在科德角签名如下。因为这一段文字，第一次从民众的角度阐述了国家权力的来源：国家是民众以契约的形式合意组建的，国家的公权力来自于民众所度让的部分权利的组合。法律实施的真正力量源于民众对于国家法律合法性与公正性的认同，出于对法律的敬畏而自愿服从，而不是慑于国家暴力。

The objective is to subjugate and discourage the people, because that allows the elite to continue to rule unopposed.

其目的是压制和打击人民的积极性，因为这可以让实权派继续统治不会沦为反对派。

GOD,this is the second time you vanquished me!

天啊，这是第二次你打败了我！