宪法的

The key to realize the historic progress from constitutional civilization to constitutionalist civilization is the a...

要实现从宪法文明到宪政文明的历史进步，关键是宪法的权威，而宪法审查机制的建立必须遵循三个基本原则，即人权保障原则、权力制衡原则和宪法审查权独立原则

Along with the development of socialist constitution, China gradually gets rid of Soviet constitution's defects in content and structure, and draws a complete 1982 constitution with three amendments, and thus strengthens socialist democratic legality and contributes to China's constitutionalist dev...

随着社会主义宪法的发展，我国逐步摆脱了苏联宪法在内容和结构上的缺陷，制定了较完备的 1 982年宪法并进行了三次修改，加强了社会主义民主法制建设，促进了我国的宪政建设

The empirical fact of the casesshows that the system is passive, unauthorized, precedented, non-systematic, atrandom and objective.

因此，可能出现宪法授权解释法律以外的国家机关承担起解释宪法的职责，以便弥补宪法解释制度不能实际运作的不足。

As long as the local experiments are consistent with these basic principles and refrain from causing harm to the interests of national scale, they should be tolerated even if their legality and constitutionality are dubious, since events of "benign" unconstitutionality are often necessitated by excessive limitation of the central constitution and laws imposed on local autonomy.

之所以有必要"良性违宪"，是因为宪法和中央法律过多限制了地方自主权；事实上，既然符合宪法的基本原则和精神，"良性违宪"并不是通常意义上的"违宪"，而只是在现行体制下对宪法的一种"变通"。

Dicey 的著名论述中所说的,议会主权" means neither more nor less than this, namely, that Parliament … has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and, further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament ".

不成文宪法的另一个主要影响是缺少司法审查：因为没有成文的具有"更高等级"的宪法，所以法院无法使用宪法来针对普通法案。虽然议会通常接受并认为受宪法的限制，但并未正式地受限。由于可以修改与解释宪法，所以议会——议会中的大多数——是实际上的最终的主权机构。在 A。

As the constitutionalization of the general line of the interim,the content of the constitution fully mani2fests the characteristics and requirements of the interim.The reason why the 1954constitution was not truly carried out later is closely related to the warp of the theoretical cognition during the interim.

作为过渡时期总路线的宪法化，在整部宪法的内容上，充分体现了过渡时期的特点和要求。1954年宪法之所以在后来没有得到切实的贯彻实施，与对过渡时期理论认识发生偏差有很大关系。

Doctrinalism advocates discovering, understanding and creating constitutional meanings according to constitutional principles and spirit by studying the doctrines reflected in constitution.

学说解释方法强调通过体现在宪法文本中的宪法学说，来发现、理解和创造符合于宪法学说原则、精神的宪法含义；历史解释方法则认为在解释宪法时，应当把宪法的基本原则、精神和价值体系，与社会的发展变化情况有机结合起来；而先例解释方法常适用于单独的文本分析不能充分理解宪法条文时，借助于宪法解释机关过去做出的解释案例，以解释先例为基础来探究答案。

The first chapter gives a brief introduction of Schmitt\'s life and main works together with the evolution of his concepts of state of exception and state emergency powers. The second chapter expounds Schmitt\'s claims on state emergency powers in the state of exception: it should allow the sovereignty unrestrictive powers to decide on the state of exception. In the state of exception the president must be empowered the unrestrictive emergency power to watch constitution. Both the parliament and ministry of justice cannot defend constitution in the state of exception.

第二章则阐述施米特关于例外状态下国家紧急权力的主张：决断例外状态需要不受限制的主权权力：例外状态下只有赋予不受限制的紧急权给总统才能守护宪法，议会、司法机关都不能在例外状态下捍卫宪法；例外状态下要捍卫国家、宪法，需要授予像总统这样的特别立法者以甚至侵犯宪法的立法权力。

Judicatory actualization of constitution includes two asp ects: first, judicature censor to law, statute and decision, order of sanction at larger which infracting the constitution; second , on the condition of lacking common law and of people' s basic right be infracted, applying constitution criterion to judge.

宪法司法化具体包括两方面内涵：一是对法律、法规以及具有普遍约束力的决定和命令进行违宪的司法审查；二是在公民基本权利受到侵害而普通法律缺位的情况下提起宪法诉讼，并在具体案件中适用宪法规范作判决。宪法司法化最早产生并发展于西方国家。我国至今未能实现宪法的司法化，究其原因，观念偏差和制度延误是两个主要方面。

My research on the Eighteenth Amendment, from its ratification to the repeal, works mainly in the discourse of Constitutionalism in which the fundamental ethos of the 1789 edition is the decisive principle for any revision.

宪法作为规范性文件，在面对具体的社会问题时，宪法修正案的制定不能为了统一的道德价值体系而违背其基本精神，在采纳&多数人&意愿的时候，不应对少数人的自由权利进行粗暴干涉，否则只会损害宪法的权威，造成宪法的事实无效。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。