宪法

This article holds that it is the key to the question how can the Constitution keep authentic and efficacious to install a kind of judicial control of constitutionality, otherwise we will be unable to overcome shortcomings of the constitutional law without the constitutionalist spirit. Therefore, the next step of legal reform in China today should be the official recognition of constitutional litigation.

本文认为，切实保障宪法效力的关键是建立司法性质的合宪审查制度，否则"有宪法、无宪政"的时弊就不可能得到匡正，因此，应该以最高人民法院2001年第25号司法解释允许援引宪法处理诉讼案件的划时代转折为契机，正式承认宪法诉讼。

Five aspects of the amendments have been discussed in this article: the connotation and denotation of the emergency state better reflect social reality than martial law; this revision is one of the symbol of the functional transformation of the constitution; addition of emergency state to constitution makes the country s emergency power legitimacy; the addition adjusts all kinds of legislation concerning e...

本文从五个方面对紧急状态入宪进行宪法学思考：紧急状态的内涵和外延比戒严更能反映社会现实的宪法要求；将戒严修改为紧急状态是宪法职能转变的标志之一；紧急状态入宪使得国家紧急权具有正当性；紧急状态入宪整合了我国现有法律体系中的各项具体紧急状态立法，为制定《紧急状态法》提供了宪法依据；紧急状态入宪丰富了宪法秩序的内涵。

Thinking with constitutional concept would improve the ability to interpret and understand about the norm of lawman,as well as recognize the nature of vary constitutional norm,develop constitution with this f10undation and toward the road to communicate and understand.

以宪法概念思维，可以增进法律人对各种宪法规范属性的认识，提高对宪法规范的诠释和理解能力，并在此基础上发展宪法，进而通往沟通与理解之路。

Received Pronunciation, which is 'the educated spoken English of south-east England' has traditionally been regarded as 'proper English'; this is also referred to as BBC English or the Queen's English.

在构成上，美国宪法首要是以法典的形式限于单个的法令文件中，而英国宪法首要是由不同时期不同制定法的文件，宪法惯例和法院的讯断组成的，被称为"不成文宪法"。

It may also have the power to improve the lawful system of the Constution supervision, the power to draw up Revisionary Law of the Constitution, Supervisory Law of the Constitution and Explanatory Law of the Constitution.

完善宪法监督的法律制度，制定宪法修改法、宪法监督法、宪法解释法。

The study of Constitutional science must be from normative analysis constitution to constitutional interpretation, the reason is that normative analysis constitution has an insolvable tension between fact and norm, namely, value and fact, availability and actual effect, norm and interpretation.

中国宪法学50年之发展，自注释宪法到规范分析宪法，其方法论已经发生了具有转折性的置换，但宪法学研究之所以需要从规范分析宪法到宪法解释学，实乃规范分析宪法学在事实与规范之间始终存在着难以逾越的张力，从而必然会导致价值性与事实性、有效性与实效性以及规范性与解释性的分离与脱节之弊。

The first chapter gives a brief introduction of Schmitt\'s life and main works together with the evolution of his concepts of state of exception and state emergency powers. The second chapter expounds Schmitt\'s claims on state emergency powers in the state of exception: it should allow the sovereignty unrestrictive powers to decide on the state of exception. In the state of exception the president must be empowered the unrestrictive emergency power to watch constitution. Both the parliament and ministry of justice cannot defend constitution in the state of exception.

第二章则阐述施米特关于例外状态下国家紧急权力的主张：决断例外状态需要不受限制的主权权力：例外状态下只有赋予不受限制的紧急权给总统才能守护宪法，议会、司法机关都不能在例外状态下捍卫宪法；例外状态下要捍卫国家、宪法，需要授予像总统这样的特别立法者以甚至侵犯宪法的立法权力。

For example, it mixes up the security institution of the constitution with the constitution supervision, dwindles the scope of the security institution, compartmentalizes the purview unreasonably, the rule of law conflicts with the ruling means of the ministerial party , the main body of the security institution is not clear, citizens lack the constitutional consciousness and so on.

如不分宪法保障与宪法监督、缩小宪法保障的范围、权限划分不合理、执政党的执政方式与法制有所冲突、没有明确的宪法保障主体、公民缺乏宪政意识等等。

PartⅥdraws some conclusions of applying path dependence theory on studying legal changing history of American constitutional protection of private properties, recalls legal changing history of constitutional protection of private properties in our country, analyzes and approves present value of the Property Law of PRC, permutes the value of applying path dependence theory on studying legal changing history of constitutional protection of private properties in our country, and points out future research direction of this subject.

第六章&美国私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁与路径依赖研究的启示&对本文研究内容进行了总结和升华，对路径依赖理论应用于美国私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁研究得出了几点结论，回顾了我国宪法对私有财产权保护的历程，分析和评价了现时期颁布实施物权法的现实意义，提出了应用路径依赖理论研究我国私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁的价值，并指出了论文今后进一步研究的方向。

Others, representing the safer, more conventional wisdom, will insist that all the constitutional compromise on slavery—the omission of abolitionist sentiments from the original draft of the Declaration, the Three-fifths Clause and the Fugitive Slave Clause and the Importation Clause, the self-imposed gag rule that the Twenty-fourth Congress would place on all debate regarding the issue of slavery, the very structure of federalism and the Senate—was a necessary, if unfortunate, requirement for the formation of the Union; that in their silence, the Founders only sought to postpone what they were certain would be slavery's ultimate demise; that this single lapse cannot detract from the genius of the Constitution, which permitted the space for abolitionists to rally and the debate to proceed, and provided the framework by which, after the Civil War had been fought, the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments could be passed, and the Union finally perfected.

其他人则表现出更保守、更传统的明智，坚持认为所有对奴隶制度在宪法上的妥协——在《独立宣言》，《五分之三条款》，《逃奴条款》和《进口条款》的原始草案中缺乏废奴主义者的意见和看法，第24届美国国会常常在所有关于奴隶制度问题的辩论中，自己强加给自己规定，要求限制这方面的言论自由。联邦制度和参议院的构成体系是一个必要的联邦组成机构；创建宪法者没有对此发表意见，他们认定奴隶制度终究会终结，而他们只是试图寻求推迟这个进程；这一个小小的失误并不能贬低《美国宪法》的本质，它也为废奴主义者提供了重整旗鼓的空间，使得争论得以继续下去，而且提供了立法框架，通过这个框架，在美国南北战争结束后，第十三、第十四、第十五宪法修正案得以通过，我们的联邦最终得到了完善。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷