宪法

The democratic meritof constitution litigation belongs to the philosophy of constitutionlitigation. It aims at expatiating the necessary and significance ofconstitution litigation, and provides merit directing for the proceduredesign of legislators, the adjudgment acts of constitutional gownsmanand party's lawsuit act.

宪法诉讼的民主价值属于宪法诉讼哲学的一部分，它旨在揭示宪法诉讼机制存在的必要性及其意义，为立法者进行程序设计、宪法裁判者从事审判行为，以及当事人进行诉讼活动提供价值指引。

The key to realize the historic progress from constitutional civilization to constitutionalist civilization is the a...

要实现从宪法文明到宪政文明的历史进步，关键是宪法的权威，而宪法审查机制的建立必须遵循三个基本原则，即人权保障原则、权力制衡原则和宪法审查权独立原则

This article holds that it is the key to the question how can the Constitution keep authentic and efficacious to install a kind of judicial control of constitutionality, otherwise we will be unable to overcome shortcomings of the constitutional law without the constitutionalist spirit.

本文认为，切实保障宪法效力的关键是建立司法性质的合宪审查制度，否则"有宪法、无宪政"的时弊就不可能得到匡正，因此，应该以最高人民法院2001年第25号司法解释允许援引宪法处理诉讼案件的划时代转折为契机，正式承认宪法诉讼。

But it is difficult to use die constitution because of the high principia and brief. If the hypogyny law has specific norm, it is the principle to use it We see that some people talk about the constitution in the practice of the law, and put the specific law alone. It says that citizen has known about the constitution. But it is not the best way to get me right The constitution is wide, but it doesnt include all.

司法实践中常见有当事人高举宪法文本口若悬河而置具体法律于不顾，这固然是公民宪法观念日益增强的体现，但未必是保护权利的最佳途径；宪法虽有广裹之张力，但未必包罗万象；手捧宪法高呼宪法至上，也难说是宪政理念已深深植根于民众价值体系中的表现。

But it is difficult to use die constitution because of the high principia and brief. If the hypogyny law has specific norm, it is the principle to use it We see that some people talk about the constitution in the practice of the law, and put the specific law alone. It says that citizen has known about the constitution. But it is not the best way to get me right The constitution is wide, but it doesn't include all.

司法实践中常见有当事人高举宪法文本口若悬河而置具体法律于不顾，这固然是公民宪法观念日益增强的体现，但未必是保护权利的最佳途径；宪法虽有广裹之张力，但未必包罗万象；手捧宪法高呼宪法至上，也难说是宪政理念已深深植根于民众价值体系中的表现。

The current constitution of our country regulates a series of basic principles and systems to ensure the constitutional implement which are the constitutional supervision system and the constitutional interpretability system .

我国现行宪法在规定一系列保障宪法实施的基本原则的同时，还规定了保障宪法实施的基本制度，这就是宪法监督制度和宪法解释制度。

Dicey 的著名论述中所说的,议会主权" means neither more nor less than this, namely, that Parliament … has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and, further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament ".

不成文宪法的另一个主要影响是缺少司法审查：因为没有成文的具有"更高等级"的宪法，所以法院无法使用宪法来针对普通法案。虽然议会通常接受并认为受宪法的限制，但并未正式地受限。由于可以修改与解释宪法，所以议会——议会中的大多数——是实际上的最终的主权机构。在 A。

Doctrinalism advocates discovering, understanding and creating constitutional meanings according to constitutional principles and spirit by studying the doctrines reflected in constitution.

学说解释方法强调通过体现在宪法文本中的宪法学说，来发现、理解和创造符合于宪法学说原则、精神的宪法含义；历史解释方法则认为在解释宪法时，应当把宪法的基本原则、精神和价值体系，与社会的发展变化情况有机结合起来；而先例解释方法常适用于单独的文本分析不能充分理解宪法条文时，借助于宪法解释机关过去做出的解释案例，以解释先例为基础来探究答案。

Comparing withHayek's theory on society method, I believe constitution litigationmechanism must considering the following conclusion in modelingconstitutional method: first, the acquiring of constitutional method isusually effects system vicissitudes. Although constitutional arbitramentcan form definite constitutional method, it can't achieve perduringsubstantial results level of method; secondly, constitutional method isformed virtually by the mixture of two kind of potence, and one is socialpotence, the other is governmental potence. The constitutional method'srationality in logic structure rests directly with the wrestling process ofconstitutional logic and social process. Constitutional method is more akind of simulative conformation of natural logic and social logic, itforms by the wrestling of government, public, legislature andconstitution judging organ. Fourthly, the maintenance of constitutionalmethod depends on the inner power sustained by faith and exteriorpower coming from the background of compulsion. Fifthly,constitutional method itself is a dynamic structure, and it's realizingquomodo and vindicating means is being in vicissitude, however, it canonly provide condition and inspiritment.

对照哈耶克的社会秩序理论，笔者认为，宪法诉讼机制在型构宪政秩序时必然要照顾到以下结论：其一，宪政秩序的取得，往往是一个制度自然变迁的结果，宪法裁决虽然也可能在短期内形成一定的宪法秩序，不过却无法强行地达到一个较大范围内持久的秩序实效水准；其二，宪政秩序实际上是由两种力量交合而成的，一是社会力量，一是政府力量，宪政秩序的逻辑结构的合理性直接取决于宪法逻辑和社会逻辑之间的博弈过程；其三，宪政秩序更多的是一种对自然逻辑和社会逻辑的模拟形态，是经由政府、公众、立法机关与宪法裁判机构的合作博弈而形成的，宪法诉讼的功用至多在于提供博弈规则，以实现纳什均衡；其四，宪政秩序的维护主要依靠来自信念支持的内部力量与来自强制背景的外部力量；其五，宪政秩序本身是一个动态的、常新的结构，其实现方式与维护手段也处于不断变迁之中，但无论如何，宪法诉讼机制所能提供的只是制约与激励两种。

Judicatory actualization of constitution includes two asp ects: first, judicature censor to law, statute and decision, order of sanction at larger which infracting the constitution; second , on the condition of lacking common law and of people' s basic right be infracted, applying constitution criterion to judge.

宪法司法化具体包括两方面内涵：一是对法律、法规以及具有普遍约束力的决定和命令进行违宪的司法审查；二是在公民基本权利受到侵害而普通法律缺位的情况下提起宪法诉讼，并在具体案件中适用宪法规范作判决。宪法司法化最早产生并发展于西方国家。我国至今未能实现宪法的司法化，究其原因，观念偏差和制度延误是两个主要方面。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷