实际时间

The static model of torsion joint is based on that of bending joint. The effects of structure parameters inside air pressure, initial angle, rube average radius, rube shell thickness on the turning angle are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn: the relationship between the angle of torsion joint and the inside air pressure is basically linear, the angle of torsion joint increases with the initial angle and rube average radius, the angle of torsion joint decreases while the rube shell thickness increases. The kinetic equation is built for torsion joint. Simulating experiment implies that the time of inflating and deflating process is extremely shorter than that of kinetic process. So the pneumatic process can be ignored in actual system design and control. The factors that affect the dynamic features of torsion joint, such as shell thickness of rubber tube, average radius, initial angle, connector's outlet area, moment of inertia and viscous damping coefficient, are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn: the change of rube shell thickness has no effects on the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure while greatly affects the turning angle of torsion joint; when the rube shell thickness is small, the torsion joint has a bigger turning angle, no overshoot and long risetime, when the shell thickness is big, the turning angle of torsion joint is small, but has high response speed, overshoot and low shock; when the rube average radius increases, the turning angle of torsion joint increases and the overshoot increases too; when the initial angle of torsion joint is big, the turning joint is big, the overshoot is small and shock is low, but the risetime is big; the connector's outlet area affects the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure greatly, but has no effects on the dynamic process of turning angle; moment of inertia and viscous damping coefficient have no effects on the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure, but affect the dynamic process of turning angle greatly.

在弯曲关节模型推导的基础上，建立扭转关节的静态模型，并分析了扭转关节内腔压力，初始转角，橡胶管平均半径，橡胶管壁厚等参数对关节转角的影响，得出扭转关节的转动角度与充入FPA内腔的压缩气体压力之间基本呈线性关系，扭转关节的转角随初始角度和橡胶管平均半径的增大而增大，扭转关节的转角随橡胶管壁厚的增大而减小的结论；建立了扭转关节的动力学方程，仿真实验表明FPA的充放气过程与扭转关节的动力学过程相比时间极短，在实际系统设计和控制过程中可以忽略不计；分析讨论橡胶管壁厚，平均半径，初始角度，气体节流口面积，转动惯量，粘性阻尼系数等因素对扭转关节动态特性的影响，得出橡胶管初始壁厚的变化对扭转关节FPA内腔压力的动态响应几乎没有影响而对关节转角的响应曲线影响比较明显，壁厚较小时，关节可以得到较大的转角，并且转角的响应曲线没有超调，但上升时间长，壁厚较大时，关节转角变小，响应加快，但是有超调和轻微振荡现象，橡胶管平均半径越大，得到的关节转角越大，但是转角响应的超调量也随之增大，FPA的初始角度越大，关节的转角越大，并且超调量减小，振荡减弱，但是上升时间增大，管接头出口面积的大小对关节FPA内腔压力的建立过程影响较大，但对关节转角的动态响应几乎没有影响，转动惯量和粘性阻尼系数对FPA内腔压力的动态过程几乎没有影响而对扭转关节转角有较大影响等结论。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

The linear function applicable scope is broad, when the reservoir turnover water volume and the time, the student leaves the staircase mouth population and the time and the time and the motion communication speech spends the comparison and so on the relational question has the important application;The study linear function, may deepen in the life the linear question understanding and the understanding, is helpful in solves some simple function problem; The linear function some problem solving method has the universality in mathematics, the linear function related theory may use for to solve some other mathematics problem, For instance the dual linear equation group, a Yuan inequality, a Yuan quadratic equation most value question and some complex mathematics question, the light is studies the linear function the theory is insufficient, the key is can utilize actual the linear function goes is our final goal.

一次函数的适用范围广，在蓄水池的进出水量与时间、学生出楼梯口人数与时间与时间和移动通讯的话费比较等的关系问题时均有重要的应用；学习一次函数，可以加深生活中线性问题的认识与理解，有助于解决一些简单的函数问题；一次函数的一些解题方法在数学中具有普遍性，一次函数的有关理论可以用来解决一些其它的数学问题，比如二元一次方程组、一元一次不等式、一元二次方程的最值问题及一些复杂的数学问题，光是学习一次函数的理论是不够的，关键是能把一次函数运用到实际中去才是我们最终的目的。

The stiff exchange rate regime in China before the reform of RMB exchange rate regime on July, 21, 2005 - little volatility of RMB exchange rate, the inconvertibility of RMB under the capital account are the major factors and the lack of effective historical data which are responsible for limits on the research in this regard. The real exchange rate of RMB, therefore, is chosen as the objective of this study.

首先，文章对汇率的理论研究进行了回顾，提出了使用时间序列的一元自回归模型，然后，在对实际汇率的理论研究，以及人民币实际汇率本身所具有的特点进行分析的基础上，选择使用线性自回归模型和非线性的制度转换模型中的自我激励门限自回归模型和平滑过渡自回归模型来描述实际汇率的动态行为特征。

And the lot release decision is the important factor to influence the production performances. In make-to-order condition, our study uses the controllable concept and the schedule technique to simulate the production schedule of the real factory.

本研究在接单型生产的模式下，以可控性之概念结合排程技术，模拟实际制造厂生产排程，由现在时间点开始至未来，对於投料时间点作管控，考量同一订单内产品组合的不同，而使完工时间能尽量接近。

In order to avoid eclipse type misidentification and to predict central durations, which are closer to the actual durations at total eclipses, this document departs from standard convention by adopting the smaller value of k=0.272281 for all umbral contacts.

为了避免日食类型的误认，预言中心持续时间（这个时间更接近全食实际持续时间），这份文件背离标准公约，对所有的本影内切采取更小的值K=

Angular spectral is spectral value map formed by estimating semblable coefficients of fast and slow shear wave or the variation of amplitude ratio of fast and slow shear wave with times and angles at a specified space point based on semblable theory of fast and slow shear wave, the angle value of this space point at a given time can be got by picking the maximum of angular spectral; the study reveals that fast and slow shear wave with different polarization direction should be separated using different rotation formula, eight formulas of separating fast and slow shear wave using clockwise rotation and counterclockwise rotation have been derived, and gained energy assignment rule and phase coincidence rule, in real data estimation, the rotation formula used for separating fast and slow shear wave can be uniquely determined on the two discriminating rules. On the basis of semblable theory of fast and slow shear wave, the delay time corresponding to the maximum of semblable coefficients at a specified point in a given time window is the delay time of fast and slow shear wave, delay time section of fast and slow shear wave can be got by moving space point and smoothing time window. The vertical variation values of delay time of fast and slow shear wave reflect the effect degree of vertical fractured reservoir on fast and slow shear wave which is defined as anisotropic coefficient, and section map of anisotropic coefficient can be obtained.

角度谱就是利用快慢横波的相似性原理，在某一空间点求出快慢横波的相似系数或快慢横波的振幅比值随着时间和角度的变化而形成的谱值图，拾取其极大值就得到该空间点某一时间的角度值；在研究中发现分离不同偏振方向的快慢横波应该采用不同的旋转公式，推导出了利用顺时针旋转和逆时针旋转分离快慢横波的八个公式，并给出了能量分配准则和相位一致性准则两个判别准则，在实际计算中利用这两个判别准则能唯一地确定分离快慢横波的旋转公式；根据快慢横波的相似性原理，在某一给定点和给定时窗内最大相似系数对应的延迟时间就是快慢横波的延迟时间，随着空间点的移动和时窗的滑动就可以得到快慢横波延迟时间的剖面图；快慢横波延迟时间与慢横波传播时间的比值定义为裂缝密度，并求出了裂缝密度剖面图；快慢横波延迟时间纵向上的变化值的大小反映了纵向上裂隙层对快慢横波影响的大小，定义为各向异性系数，并求出了各向异性系数的剖面图。

If the actual start time of the order (as given by the fourth subcomponent of the quantity/timing field) is after the first explicit time, the first administration is taken to be the first explicit time after the start time.

如果请求实际开始执行的时间在此组件设定的第一个时间之后，则默认的执行时间模式的第一时间就被设定为此组件的第一时间。

While the workshop running in real situation, there are several problems such as the unconsistent work number of the machines, the deference of on-line time of the machines, the scheduling of urgent task and so on.

由于先进制造车间在实际应用过程中存在着车间设备生产班次不一致、设备进线时间不同、急件生产任务调度等一系列实际生产约束问题，为解决该类实际问题，本文提出了一种新的组合调度算法，即一种新的基于与启发式规则相结合的遗传算法，用于解决由于制造车间环境复杂和特殊约束较多所导致的调度问题。

In order to investigate quantitatively the time delay of the right-turn vehicles at the motor and nonmotor-vehicle mixed traffic intersection, the time delay was characterized by the travel time, namely, the difference between the actual travel time of the right-turn vehicle and that without any interference.

为了定量地研究混合交通交叉口右转机动车通过交叉口的延误时间，用行程时间来表征延误，即用右转机动车的实际行程时间与不受干扰时行程时间的差值表示右转机动车的延误。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。