实际效应

The fundament of flat terrain phase effect and its removal are stated. The interferogram consists, for each pixel, of the complex conjugate product of two SAS images directly, which cant reflect the actual terrain change. The general phase trend in range can be considered as the phase generated by an ideally flat terrain and is often subtracted from the interferogram before further processing.

论述了水平地形效应产生原理及其消除方法，由于水平地形效应的存在使得两幅SAS复图像直接复共轭相乘得到的相位图不能直观地反映出实际地形的拓扑变化，所以在对干涉相位图进行滤波及相位展开处理前应当消除干涉相位图像的水平地形效应。

Finally,the two-step MP algorithm was applied to spectral decomposition of field data,meanwhile,based on the slices of different frequency,the gas shadow phenomenon below gas-bearing reservoir was analyzed,the results show that shadow phenomenon can directly indicate the existence of hydrocarbon.

在某地区，利用两步法MP快速算法对实际地震记录进行了谱分解，并基于由谱分解得到的不同频率的切片，分析了含气储层下方的影子效应，结果表明影子效应直接指示了烃类的存在。

Chapter four uses Autoregressive Distributed Lagapproach to examine the extent to which changes in exchange rates result in changes in CPI , which is the proxy of Chinese domestic inflation. It also analyzes the impact of food price on exchange rate pass-through effect. Then, chapter four uses Vector Autoregression model to examine the short term and dynamic effect of exchange rate pass-through. The above empirical results reveal that the exchange rate pass-through effect to domestic prices is incomplete and time-lagged.

然后，本文运用自回归分布滞后模型研究人民币汇率变动对以消费者价格指数衡量的国内通货膨胀的传递效应，并结合中国实际考察了食品价格冲击对汇率传递效应的影响；本文通过将名义有效汇率和价格等宏观经济因素纳入同一个VAR系统中，利用脉冲响应函数与方差分解技术来考察名义有效汇率变动冲击对国内价格水平的短期动态影响。

The innovation of this paper is to design the model of government spending under gradational finance and taxation system. Simulate one submodel to implement shifts payment according to the actual enforcement condition of the financial transfer payment system of our country. Apply this submodel into shift payment effect demonstration analyzing, then reach enforcement result of our country shift payment.

本文的创新之处是通过构建分级财税体制下的财政支出模型，按照我国分级财税体制的实际实施情况模拟出一个实施财政转移支付的子模型，应用该子模型对我国财政转移支付效应进行实证分析，进而得出我国财政转移支付效应实施效果。

It shows that scaleeffects happening in actual engineering is in fact effects of structure of rockmass.(2) Fracture area is more obvious with increase of scale of specimens inthe same homogeneousness.

由此可见，工程实际中通常出现的岩体尺度效应更多的时候表现为岩体的结构效应；(2)对于同一均质度试件，随尺度增大，试件破坏时出现的主控破裂面越明显，破断区越集中，越接近于均匀材料的脆性破坏。

At the same time, entrepreneurs have great choice, to fully integrate their advantages in resources, to optimize the combination of supermarket items to meet local market needs, a collection of scale and effect.

同时，创业者有很大的选择空间，可以充分整合自身的资源优势，对超市项目进行优化组合，以满足当地市场的实际需要，具有集合效应和规模效应。

In chapterⅡ, considering GLMMs data which the number of high units is different and the number of low units is small and unbalanced, we Conduct a series of simulations, the simulations show that regardless of the number of the level 2 units,the Bayesian estimate of random effects residual variance is more precise than PQL and the PQL estimation deviates from the true value seriously; In terms of the fixed effects estimates, When the number of level 2 units is 20, The mean and median of the Bayesian estimate is more precise than PQL,But With the number of level 2 units increase,the estimate of two methods is similar. Thus, in practical applications, we recommend the use of Bayesian method.

第二章针对不同高水平单位数，低水平数较小且不平衡的GLMMs数据，进行模拟研究，研究表明：无论水平2单位数的大小，贝叶斯方法随机效应残差方差估计值远比PQL法更接近真实值，PQL法严重偏离了真实值；而对固定效应参数估计值，当水平2单位数为20时，贝叶斯法各参数的均数和中位数均要较PQL法更接近真实值，而随着水平2单位数的增加，两种方法在估计固定效应参数时相差并不大，因而，在实际应用中，推荐采用贝叶斯法。

According to the practical engineering application, the reasonable effective lengths of compressed chords and braces are presented. In the end, the static behavior of multiplanar XX-joints are discussed, which used widely in practical engineering. An amount of joints with the variable joint parameters under lode-case are analyzed. Base on research achievement of uniplanar X-joints, a set of formula is proposed to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of multiplanar XX-joints, which are easy to understand in physical concept and simple in practice.

最后对实际工程中常用的空间XX 型节点进行了探讨，分析空间轴心受力XX 节点和空间平面内受弯XX 型节点的空间几何效应和空间荷载效应，进行大量系统的参数研究后，得到各自的效应系数，并且在矩形钢管混凝土桁架平面X型节点研究成果的基础上，给出了两种受力情况下节点的承载力计算公式，公式物理概念清晰、简单实用。

The actual rock blasting tests are touched in failure effects of near-field, seismic effects in far-field, and irreversible deformation regions. The latest similarity research results in underground blasting, shallow-buried blasting (throwing and directional blastings) are also presented.

在相关研究的基础上，给出实际岩体中的爆炸效应试验，包括近区破坏效应、远区地震效应、不可逆变形区以及地下爆炸和浅埋爆炸中相似关系的最新成果。

However, in the nanometer metal film, transmission will become notable in case of film size is smaller than or equal to the skin depth, Therefore, for basic theory study and application, it is necessary to study the reflection and transmission of nanometer metal film.

然而对于纳米金属薄膜，其尺寸小于穿透深度或与之相当，穿透效应变得十分显著，成了主流效应。因此，无论从基础研究还是从实际应用的角度来讲，研究金属纳米薄膜对光的反射、透射效应都是十分重要的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。