实际价格

Nonetheless, it has real significance, since it shows the pressure on the market at nonequilibrium prices.

尽管如此，它还是有实际意义，即它显示了非均衡价格下的市场压力。

The cost of the waste water treatment is only 0.30 Yuan/t. The practical application of polysilicate aluminum is advisable.

聚硅酸铝原料来源广泛，价格低廉，水处理成本仅为0.30元／t，有实际应用的价值。

In the case of activity inputs with predistribution of fixed costs, the posted input price variances of the totals records are used.

在这个例子中作业输入用预分配固定成本，实际记录中已记帐输入价格差异

For $1.799 list (the actual retial price will probably be lower), you get a 55-inch set from an established manufacturer.

在1799美元的名单上（实际的零售价格很可能会降低），你可以从生产厂家处获得一台55英寸的电视机。

But in actual financial market,the stock prices maybe affected by multi-factor,it pays dividend,and and riskless interest rate etc is function of time.

然而在实际的金融市场中，股票的价格可能受多个随机因素的影响，股票支付红利，而且无风险利率等随时间而变化。

It is made of modern new-type materials by repeated hi-tech compound shaping. Ideal for sunray blocking, it has the following features: small, elegant, easy to use, not taking too much room, and with double alarm system.

它的实际遮阳率高达80%，是太阳挡25%的3倍多，是防爆膜20%的四倍，而且体积小、外形美观、使用方便（拉出来使用仅需10秒钟）、价格适中。

With the support of a major research grant of Zhejiang Province (No. 001101027) and the Plan of Promoting Education of Excellence of Zhejiang University in the 21st Century, this dissertation is devoted to address the above problems and fabricate an L-band EDFA with low cost, high performance and technological innovation.First the mechanism of an erbium doped fiber amplifier is introduced. Various theoretical models based on classical rate propagation equations are summarized and compared for their applications. We use a modified numerical model based on the Giles model, which agrees with the experimental results well. This serves as the theoretical base for the whole thesis and will be used to optimize the characteristics of EDFAs. A novel method based on a map of noise figure and gain is proposed to analyze efficiently the dependence of the noise figure and gain for EDFAs on the EDF length and the pump power. The characteristics of various EDFAs are studied and compared.Secondly, some important parameters are introduced to describe the characteristics of EDFAs. The methods and the experimental setups for measuring the gain and noise figure of an EDFA are emphasized. We introduce how to measure the characteristics of each component of an EDFA, especially the gain and absorption coefficient of an erbium doped fiber.Thirdly, four types of simple and novel L-band EDFA structures with low noise, high gain and low gain ripple are proposed to satisfy the requirement of a DWDM system. They can be classified into two categories. In the first category, a single ASE pumping is served asa secondary pump. This category includes the following three types. Type: a new construction using a fiber Bragg grating in an unpumped EDF section at the input side. Type: a new structure of L-Band EDFA with two-stage pumps, which utilizes the forward ASE as a second pump.

本论文本着科技创新、服务于生产实践的精神，以设计价格低廉，性能优越、结构合理简单的L-band EDFA为目标，依托浙江省科技厅重大科学基金资助项目(001101027)和浙江大学振兴教育计划资助的全光网络的搭建—《光通信技术》课程实验建设项目，展开了如下工作：首先，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器的工作原理，归纳总结了基于速率方程基础的EDFA的各种理论模型，分析比较了各个模型的特点和适用场合，最终选择完善的Giles理论模型作为本论文分析设计EDFA的理论基础；针对实际实验条件提出了修正的EDFA模型的数值计算方法；创新地提出了增益—噪声系数全局分析法，直观有效地分析了EDFA的增益和噪声系数与掺铒光纤长度和泵浦功率的依赖关系，并对各种EDFA的性能作了全面的比较；第二，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器特性参数的定义与测量方法，重点介绍了噪声系数和增益系数的测量方法及实验装置；介绍了组成掺铒光纤放大器各组件的特性测量方法，重点介绍了测量掺铒光纤参数的方法和实验装置；第三，针对WDM系统对L-band EDFA谱平坦、低噪声、高增益的要求，我们创新地提出了四种不同的L-band EDFA结构，按设计思路可以分为两大类：一类是基于单抽运二级泵浦法，这一类包括在未泵浦掺铒光纤的输入端插入一根布拉格光纤光栅的两段L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于前向ASE光作为二级泵浦源推动下一级EDF工作的泵浦分配、两段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于单根光纤光栅、泵浦分配、两段级联的EDFA；另一类则是基于同时应用前后向C-band ASE作二级泵浦源的双抽运法，如基于前后向ASE光作为二级泵浦源的三段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构。

In the process of popularisation and extension, if the models incorporate wage sticky and price sticky, the influence of money on real economy is not neutrality.

在模型的推广和引申过程中，如果引入价格黏性和工资黏性等名义黏性之后，货币变量对实际经济的影响便不再体现中性性质。

Supply and price data for real barrels of oil indicate there is no shortage of oil.

实际石油桶数的供应和价格数据表明，不存在石油短缺问题。

After deducting the price factor domestic consumer retail clothes actual growth by 10%.

扣除价格因素后国内衣着消费品零售额实际增长10%左右。

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。