实际

When establishing models for practical control systems, there are errors, which can be described as the model uncertainties, between the systemic model and the practical problems because measurement errors, various disturbances and unestablished model dynamics are inevitable.

在对实际控制系统建模时，由于不可避免地存在着测量误差、各种干扰及未建模动态等，导致系统模型与实际问题之间存在着误差，一般称这些误差为系统中的不确定性。

According to thermodynamic basic theory, the expression of the gas turbine circulation thermal efficiency to coupling parameter on the premise of considering actual influence factor and the matrix form of steam turbine thermal efficiency with the unfired HRSG is strictly deduced through mathematics method .

根据热力学的基本理论，通过严格的数学推导，分别推导出考虑实际影响因素的燃气轮机实际循环热效率关于耦合参数的关系式，非补燃式余热锅炉型蒸汽轮机热效率的矩阵形式的关系式，最后得出了燃气-蒸汽联合循环热效率关于耦合参数的关系式。

On the basis of analysis on the dynamic frequency after power vacancy,the reason of unideal function of traditional device are dissected: it is set by using assumed load and power vacancy.The changed range of real load power and real power vacancy lead to big error.

在对电力系统出现功率缺额后的动态频率特性进行分析的基础上，剖析了传统低频减载装置动作效果不理想的原因：用假定的负荷和假定的功率缺额整定，由于实际负荷功率和实际的功率缺额变化幅度很大，而造成很大的误差。

The preparatory stage was inclusive of the development and establishment of learning communities; the first stage discussed the text unit "calculation of time"; the second stage was practical teaching activities of the unit "circle and diameter".

行动过程中，实际历经了准备阶段对学习社群的培养与建立，第一阶段「时间的计算」单元与第二阶段「圆与直径」单元的实际教学。

By analysing the influencing factors of heat transfer efficiency of thermosyphon heat exchangers and the practical operating data of an experimental heat recovery unit used in a shopping center, and concerning about the influence of unit incline angle on the temperature efficiency of heat exchangers under a wide variable scope of outdoor air temperature, obtains an optimal operating mode of the unit.

在分析热虹吸管换热器换热效果影响因素的基础上，通过分析试验机组在商场空调系统实际应用环境中的运行数据，综合考虑室外新风温度大范围变化、不同倾斜角度对换热器温度效率的影响，得到了实际运行环境下机组的适宜工作模式。

The value might lie anywhere on the scale between extreme unlikelihood, which would give the deduction a minimal value, to virtual certainty , which would mean that it would be assessed at the figure very close to that which would be reached if one made the definite assumption that the contingency would occur.

鉴于违约赔偿的目的在于赔偿受害方实际遭受的损失，而非使其获益，贵族院最终判决只要在损害赔偿额实际开始计算前明确发生的因素，即使其在违约当时并不确定，也仍然可以作为影响损害赔偿计算的因素。

To solve the problems in present hydraulic calculations of gas pipe network such as numerous data-inputting, unprecise output and a lack of hydraulic calculation methods to keep consistent with steady flow and non-steady flow in real working conditions of gas pipe network, in the paper the author has set up a mathematical model of heat transfer process of gas in pipes on the basis of thermodynamic basic theories and obtained more accurate calculation methods of gas storage quantity in long conveying pipes and urban pipe network of high pressure. This research achievement has been applied to real pipe network.

本文研究目的是解决目前燃气管网水力计算中存在的诸如输入数据繁琐、计算精度不高、缺乏符合实际燃气管网工况的稳定流及不稳定流管网水力计算方法等问题，试图根据热力学基本理论建立燃气在管道中传热过程数学模型，给出较为精确的长输管线及城市高压管网储气量的计算方法，并将研究成果应用于实际管网运行中。

With the objective of the robot′s steady movement, the trajectory is sampled equably and each segment is considered as uniformly variable motion. To guarantee tracking precision, the relation between the tracking control error and the output torque of the controller is analyzed from the point of engineering.

而按照通常的规划算法所规划出的"最优"参考轨迹在实际中却难以应用，因为这一参考轨迹是基于机器人的精确动力学模型得到的，没有考虑实际系统中存在的模型不确定性，也未考虑控制器的动态特性，因而跟踪精度得不到保证。

B The gear real tooth surface is represented by a sum of two vector function that determine the theoretical tooth surface and the deviations of the real surface from the theoretical one, and the tooth contact analysis of real surface is completed.

将实际齿面表示为理论齿面和偏差曲面之和，进行了实际齿面的轮齿接触分析。

Aiming at the dynamic performance of frequency tracker designed specifically for laser Doppler velocimeter, the analysis was accomplished and some results of the experiments are presented.

针对激光多普勒测速仪常用信号处理设备———频率跟踪器，采用实验方法分析了其动态响应特性及影响因素，发现其动态响应参数并不能全面反映其在实际测试中的动态响应能力，实际测试中的动态响应能力明显低于通常的估计。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。