实质问题

The doctrine of Buddhism asserts that if a Buddhistical practitioner is going to realize his own mind, he must direct his attention toward his mind and must not get entangled with the right and wrong of the problems.

由此观之，「无过失」观念及「无过失补偿」制度实与佛法追实相求真理的「不思善，不思恶」及「真指人心，见性成佛」相合，两者都是要直指问题的根本，直接给予问题最实质的解决，而不被「是非善恶、责任归属」等枝微末节问题妨碍，得不到解决问题的最佳方案。

Material implication is an extremely important concept of modern logic,but we encountered a lot of problems as we attempted to analyze and explain the hypothetical proposition of natural language with material implication ,this situation obstructs the aim of logic norm and people s correct thinking.

实质蕴涵是现代逻辑的一个极其重要的概念，但是用实质蕴涵理论来分析和说明自然语言中的假言命题却出现了许多解释不通的问题。

The question of searching characteristic points or straight lines on moving rigid body is decomposed into two relatively independent sub-questions. The first one is to evaluate the characteristic of points and straight lines on moving rigid body, whose mathematics model is a kind of special non-differential max-mini optimal problem with inequality constraints. By the method of Saddle-point Programming and maximum entropy, the problem can be transformed as a differential optimal problem with single objective. The second oner is to search approximative character points or straight lines on moving rigid body within design space, whose mathematic model is nonlinear and non-differential problem with multiple constraints.

本文将在运动刚体上寻找特征点或直线的优化问题分解为两个相对独立的子问题，一是对运动刚体上点或直线的特征性评定，其实质是平面曲线的圆度或直线度的评定问题，优化模型是以最大误差为最小作为优化目标的约束不可微的优化问题，本文采用鞍点规划和极大熵方法，将其转化为单目标可微优化模型；二是在设计空间内，寻找运动刚体上特征性评定指标最小的近似特征点或直线，其优化模型是非线性、多约束的不可微优化问题，本文提出用遗传算法和BFGS局部搜索法相结合来求解。

Part 3 points out the essence and inevitability of the generation of curriculum objective on the basis of the analysis of part 2 and discussion of the predetermination of curriculum objective.

第三部分基于第二部分的问题分析及对课程目标预设实质的探讨，提出课程目标生成的实质与必然性。

Considering the historical transition and the feature of modernity of the western philosophical theme,the understanding and construction of the ultimateness,infinity,integrity and non-substantiality and so on of Tao in China's philosophy not only provides the most powerful demonstration for the contemporariness of China's philosophy,but also offers boundless possibility for the visual threshold of the question of the fusion of China's philosophy into contemporary philosophy.

如果从"世界主义"的视角，把"合法性"理解为"合时性"的话，那么"现代性"问题的实质，就是作为原创性的历史存在的中国哲学，能否融入当代哲学主题，并参与当代哲学建构的问题。为使讨论相对集中，本文试从西方哲学主题的历史转换和具有现代性的问题境域入手，解读中国哲学的现代性问题，希望能够从中找到中国哲学"合法性"或"合时性"的内在根据，以挺立中国哲学的民族主体性，并展示中国哲学的世界性、现代性和独特价值。

In this project, we study the theory of higher order differential equations in Banach spaces and related topics. We solve an open problem put forward by two American Mathematicians and two Italian Mathematicians concerning wave equations with generalized Weztzell boundary conditions, introduce an existence family of operators from a Banach space $Y$ to $X$ for the Cauchy problem for higher order differential equations in a Banach space $X$, establish a sufficient and necessary condition ensuring $ACP_n$ possesses an exponentially bounded existence family, as well as some basic results in a quite general setting about the existence and continuous dependence on initial data of the solutions of $ACP_n$ and $IACP_n$. We set up quite a few multiplicative and additive perturbation theorems for existence families governing a wide class of higher order differential equations, regularized cosine operator families, regularized semigroups, and solution operators of Volterra integral equations, obtain classical and strict solutions having optimal regularity for the inhomogeneous nonautonomous heat equations with generalized Wentzell boundary conditions, gain novel existence and uniqueness theorems,which extend essentially the existing results, for mild and classical solutions of nonlocal Cauchy problems for semilinear evolution equations, present a new theorem with regard to the boundary feedback stabilization of a hybrid system composed of a viscoelastic thin plate with one part of its edge clamped and the rest-free part attached to a visocelastic rigid body. Also we obtain many other research results.

在本研究中，我们对Banach空间中的高阶算子微分方程的理论以及相关理论进行了深入研究，解决了由美国和意大利的四位数学家联合提出的一个关于广义Wentzell边界条件下的波动方程适定性的公开问题，恰当地定义了Banach空间中的高阶算子微分方程Cauchy问题的算子存在族及唯一族，建立了齐次和非齐次高阶算子微分方程Cauchy问题适定性的判别定理，获得了关于高阶退化算子微分方程的算子存在族、正则余弦算子族、正则算子半群、Volterra积分方程解算子族的乘积扰动和混合扰动定理，得到了关于以依赖于时间的二阶微分算子为系数的一大类非自治热方程非齐次情形下的时变广义Wentzell动力边值问题的古典解、严格解的最大正则性结果，获得了半线性发展方程非局部Cauchy问题广义解和经典解存在唯一的判别条件，从实质上推广了现有的相关结果；得到了一部分边缘固定而另一部分附在一粘弹性刚体上的薄板构成的混合粘弹性系统的边界反馈稳定化的新稳定化定理，还建立了一系列其他研究结果。

As to the confusion of "claim" and " credit " which is resulted from the substantially coincident definitions in German Civil Law,the traditional interpretation which takes them for not only substantially coincident but also the generalspecial relationship will lead to so much theoretic bepuzzlement.

对于请求权与债权在《德国民法典》中的实质一致性界定所导致的混淆，传统上以二者实质一致且系一般与特殊关系的解释将导致诸多理论困惑，各种标准下的区分学说也因存在各种缺陷而不足以根本解决问题。

Third, Evaluation criteria are inflexible and can not serve the aim of evaluating different projects with different characteristics, the evaluation index being unchangeably bound to papers, works, or scientific research projects.

通过对我国高校教师科研评价的研究发现存在如下问题：一是评价方法不完善，以定量评价为主；二是重形式轻实质，注重科研成果发表的刊物级别、获奖等级，并以是否&核心&、SCI、EI收录等形式代替实质；三是评价标准单一化，不管评价目的是否相同，均采用论文、著作及科研项目等源生指标作为评价标准；四是重数量轻质量，教师为了数量达标，不得不为凑数写文章。

This article from the international criminal law of view, discussed several problems of specific application about theory of substantially similar principle double criminality in the process of extraditing international criminal...

从国际刑法学的角度，论述了在对国际犯罪进行引渡的过程中，双重犯罪原则之实质类似说的具体适用需要把握的若干问题，认为实质类似说与罪刑法定主义并无冲突，也不会造成对政治犯不引渡原则的背反，它与普遍管理原则所引申出的或引渡或起诉原则能够达成协调。

This paper attempts to illustrate the essence and influence of "1939 White Paper" through the historical backgrounds from the issue of the Balfour Declaration to " 1939 White Paper" and policy transition toward Zionism by British government.

本文试图通过英国贝尔福宣言的发表到1939年关于巴勒斯坦问题白皮书出台的历史背景及其对犹太爱国主义政策的转折性改变，来阐述白皮的实质和影响，其实质就是英国30年代对德、意绥靖政策的另类表现。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。