实证哲学的

In addition to expounding "the possibility of realizing Tathagatagarbha," in his article, Tsai also explored the definition of "being" in ontology of Western philosophy, which has been studied for more than two thousand years, explained that Buddha defined "being" in The Agama Sutras with the method of personal realization, and discussed the differences between both definitions.

於是，本会会员蔡礼政先生曾以〈《阿含经》对存有的定义〉一文(注：请见本学报，页23-48；英文版，页209-240)，举证《阿含经》中确实有经文明确表达有如来藏常住而且可以实证的圣教；除了论证「实证如来藏是确实可能的」之外，并且探讨西方哲学二千余年来对於存有论中Being的定义，在《阿含经》中释迦牟尼佛是采用实证的方法加以定义，同时论述其中的种种差别。

The economics methodology has formed a whole battery of analytical framework and tool under the influence of scientific philosophy, which is characterized by logic positivism, negativism and historical materialism. The fundamental characteristics of the economics methodology are based on the axiomatization positive logic deductive method, which assumes the rational human being as its hypothetic premise. The most remarkable characteristic of the economics methodology is the general application of mathematics in economics and it is developing forward to the more accurate and magnificent system.

特别是在以逻辑实证主义、证伪主义和历史主义为代表的科学哲学的影响下，经济学的方法论已经发展出一整套的分析框架与工具，基本特征是建立在"理性人"假设基础上的公理化的实证的逻辑演绎方法，最突出的表现是数学在经济学中的广泛应用，并正在向着更为精密与恢弘的体系演进。

In this article, the positive factors and limitations of philosophical view of logical positivism are discussed in terms of philosophical nature, philosophical object and philosophical research method.

本论文通过对逻辑实证主义科学观和哲学观的探讨，总结出它对于科学和哲学关系的认识，肯定了逻辑实证主义者强调哲学应当具有科学性，哲学要以自然科学为模本，重视科学哲学的研究这一观点具有的合理性。

It is just the core function of the modern west philosophy and 19th century form the real diagnosis to discuss the philosophy, defer to the experience and the logical frame which Galileo establishes to the scientific rationality to carry on the philosophy stratification plane the proof.

稍后形成的近代西方哲学和19世纪后半期形成的实证论哲学，其核心任务之一就是按照伽利略所设定的经验和逻辑的框架来对科学合理性进行哲学层面的论证。

Futures Studies conceptualized in 1940, from 1960 to 1970 went through the peak of development in Philosophy of Science. The main proponents of Philosophy of Science, such as Positivism, Postpositivism and Critical Realism deeply influenced the futurists' ideas of the time concept in Future Studies. The understanding of time in Philosophy of Science continues the linear time frame of modern physics. Future is happening after the present event. In the field of Futures Studies, people expect futurists to predict futures accurately. When futurists are predicting futures, and mapping possible futures, they employ Holism and Utopian thinking. Karl Propper opposed Historicism of trying to plan a blueprint for society.

中文摘要未来学萌芽於一九四○年代，从一九六○年到一九七○年未来学历经了科学哲学发展的巅峰时期，科学哲学的思想滋养了未来学家的思考，其中实证论、后实证论与批判实在论这三种论点影响了未来学家在时间概念上思考方向，科学哲学对时间概念的理解延续了现代物理时间观上线性式看待时间的方式，未来是当前事件必然发生的结果；在未来学的领域里，成功预测未来是大众对未来学者的期待，当未来学者在预测未来，进行未来规划时，思想中预含了整体主义与乌托邦式的思考，Propper从反对历史定论主义的思想来驳斥建立社会蓝图的可能。

This essay has three difficulties: First, difficulty of conception foundation: how to grasp conception foundation, historical background and theory origin of positive economic paradigm and normative economic paradigm from a historical and philosophical perspective? Second, difficulty of formalization system: the viewpoints of positive economists and normative economists are very jumble, this paper tries to clear up the formers' theories, sums up and synthesizes various standpoints, and make it form systematism and standardization. Third, difficulty of combination in visual angle: combining economics and philosophy, resurvey some philosophy problems in economic research from the perspective of ontology, epistemology and methodology, thereby discover new problems, and make rigor argumentation toward it.

本文的难点：1、概念基础难点：如何从一种历史的、哲学的角度准确把握实证经济范式与规范经济范式的概念基础和变更的历史背景、理论渊源。2、形式化体系难点：实证经济学家与规范经济学家的观点非常混杂，本文试图理清前人的思路，总结和综合纷繁不一的观点，并使其体系化、规范化。3、视角结合点难点：将经济学与哲学有机地结合起来，从本体论、认识论、方法论的角度重新看待经济学研究中的一些哲学问题，从而发现新问题，并对其进行严密论证。

We should understandConfucianism is a philosophy of practice. It is not just readingsof an ancient text to pass exams or write books or to sermonize on.A true Confucian scholar is also a Confucian follower.

我们必须了解儒家哲学是必须以生命实证修行的学说，不是阅读一个古老的版本以通过考试或是写书或说教，一个真正的儒家学者，也必须是一个身体力行的修行者。

With a clear understanding of theory and large numbers of facts, this article analysis the following problems by the view and method called materialist dialectics. First, the concept of information ethics is established when the moment people's life style begins to change in Information Age, with understanding of both the basic principle of moral life and moral problems existing in our society and have knowledge scope range from social practice to abstract theory. Second, the essence and forming rules of information ethics is revealed with the help of studying some basic questions and debating some characteristics from the philosophy point of view. Third, the further analysis of the system formula and social function is founded on debating the theory, which forms the system from the ethics point of view.

本文在梳理理论文献和掌握大量实证材料的基础上，以唯物辩证法的观点和方法为指导，对以下问题进行了分析和讨论：一、从信息时代人们生存方式的变迁入手，明确社会道德生活的基本要求，在认清信息社会存在的道德问题的基础上，从社会实践到理论抽象，确立了信息伦理观念；二、从哲学的角度出发，研究信息伦理生成的基本理论问题，在厘定相关概念的基础上，讨论了信息伦理的特点，揭示了信息伦理的本质及其生成规律；三、从伦理学的角度出发，在讨论构建信息伦理体系的理论依据的基础上，进一步分析了信息伦理的体系结构和社会功能；四、从社会实践的角度出发，研究信息伦理在信息传播过程中的应用问题，从理论回到实践，提出了较为系统的信息伦理原则和信息道德规范。

Wundt'sestablishment of experimental psychology was a positivereaction to the theoretical crisis then faced by philosophydue to the end of philosophy's modern formulation.The Wundtianbrand of German psychology as a theoretical system wasdeveloped in philosophy's contemporary stmosphere but which,unfortunately,took philosophy's modern spirit as itsfoundation.Wundt's pychology as philosophy was thus doomed tobe out of date denied by the history of philosophy itself.

冯特心理学的理论企图，是想在现代哲学背景下，以自然科学的实证方法为依托，以它的"科学"形式为理想，建立一个以近代哲学精神为基础的理论体系，并因而构成心理学的一个相对独立的历史：它是哲学在尚未探明由其传统形式的终结而造成的理论危机的实质时以某种不得要领的新颖形式而兴起的；当哲学终于探明它的危机的实质并因而得以确立它的现代旨趣后，它便自然地趋于消亡。

The development of this is the supreme goal of positivistic philosophy.

社会物理学的发展是实证哲学的终极目标。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。