实证主义的

The economics methodology has formed a whole battery of analytical framework and tool under the influence of scientific philosophy, which is characterized by logic positivism, negativism and historical materialism. The fundamental characteristics of the economics methodology are based on the axiomatization positive logic deductive method, which assumes the rational human being as its hypothetic premise. The most remarkable characteristic of the economics methodology is the general application of mathematics in economics and it is developing forward to the more accurate and magnificent system.

特别是在以逻辑实证主义、证伪主义和历史主义为代表的科学哲学的影响下，经济学的方法论已经发展出一整套的分析框架与工具，基本特征是建立在"理性人"假设基础上的公理化的实证的逻辑演绎方法，最突出的表现是数学在经济学中的广泛应用，并正在向着更为精密与恢弘的体系演进。

The building of soft science and the science and technology studies must be combined,which is the common understanding of the academic field,which is also the requirement for building a harmonious society.

用现代科学的观点来看，它指的是以自然界事物为研究对象的科学知识。19世纪30~40年代产生了实证主义，它的代表人物是法国的孔德和英国的穆勤。

After a careful study into the scientific grounds and research methods of the comparative school,this paper comes to the conclusion that it can avoid not only the shortcoming of universalistic school in speculating purely theoretically by neglecting the reality of the legal system of each country,but also that of the particularistic school in analyzing solely the previous cases and the opinions of individual judges.

比较法学派的科学立场和研究方法使它既避免了普遍主义学派的那种脱离现实中的各个国家的法律制度而在抽象的真空中进行理论推测的不足，也避免了特殊主义学派的那种仅仅站在本国立场上，对先前国内司法判例和个别法官观点进行纯粹实证主义分析的缺陷。

After a careful study into the scientific grounds and research methods of the comparative school,this paper comes to the conclusion that it can avoid not only the shortcoming of universalistic school in speculating purely theoretically by neglecting the reality of the legal system of each country,but also that of the particularistic school in analyzing solely the p...

比较法学派的科学立场和研究方法使它既避免了普遍主义学派的那种脱离现实中的各个国家的法律制度而在抽象的真空中进行理论推测的不足，也避免了特殊主义学派的那种仅仅站在本国立场上，对先前国内司法判例和个别法官观点进行纯粹实证主义分析的缺陷。

In the aspect of the Philosophy of Language, Montague Grammar inherited Frege's theory of meaning, Russell's theory of reference, Carnap's theory of verification, Goodman's Modern Realism, Tarski's theory of truth, Kripke's semantics of possible worlds of modal logic, etc, and opens up a new direction in the study of Formal Semantics of natural language; in the aspect of Theoretic Linguistics, Montague was influenced by Chomsky's research idea about the formal treatment of the syntax in natural language and extended it to the semantic study of natural language; Montague Grammar has two theoretic sources: One is the Logical Semantics and Intensional Type Theory in Logic, and the other is Categorial Grammar and Transformative Generative Grammar in Linguistics.

在语言哲学方面它继承了弗雷格的意义论，罗素的指称论，卡尔纳曾的实证主义，古德曼的现代实在论，塔斯基的语义学真理论，克里普克的模态逻辑可能世界语义学的传统，开辟了自然语言形式语义学研究的新方向；在理论语言学方面，他受乔姆斯基形式化语言研究思想的影响，并把这一思想扩展到自然语言的语义研究方面；蒙太格语法的理论来源有两个方面：逻辑方面是逻辑语义学思想和内涵类型论理论，语言学方面是范畴语法和转换生成语法。

Second, mordern science investigates Nature only through mathematical way, which make people take the mathematical nature for Nature itself. Third, its result is physicalistic objectivism was seen as the metaphysical foundation of natural science which has led to the riddle of cogni...

本文认为，胡塞尔的科学批判虽具有重要启发意义，但从科学和科学哲学的角度来看，他的批评在某些方面是不恰当的：①实证主义科学观固然不是健全的科学观，但现代科学自身却不是意义、价值等形而上学的领域；②尽管数学化的自然并不是自然本身，但数学化却是现代科学最有效、最可靠的方法；③胡塞尔反对任何实在论的自然观，但这种自然观是现代科学世界观的基础。

The second part of the thesis consists of three chapters, which focus on arguing for the rationality of "the unverifiable value judgment" from three points, the verification on the value judgment and emotion, the verification on value judgment and the language logic and the verification on the value judgment and rationality. The fourth chapter mainly discuss the verification on value judgment and emotion.

本文第二部分，即第四、五、六这三章，集中反驳&价值判断是不可证实的&这一论断的合理性，主要是从逻辑实证主义和情感主义对价值判断可证实性的三方面攻击入手，分别对情感与价值判断的可证实性、语言逻辑与价值判断的可证实性和理性与价值判断的可证实性三者进行再考察，第四章主要探讨情感与价值判断可证实性。

Firstly, based on the individualism and social spontaneous order, Hayek reconstructed and supplements the premise of the classical liberalism, and redemonstrated the legitimacy of nation to exist; Secondly, Hayek criticized the ideology of the legal positivism and reconstructed the system of constitutionalism; At last, the author makes some simple criticism on Hayek's theory.

本文的主要内容包括以下几个方面：第一，哈耶克对古典自由主义的前提进行重建与补充，即把国家理论奠基于个人主义与社会自发秩序两大前提之上，重新论证了国家的合法性；第二，哈耶克通过对法律实证主义思想的批判，对宪政体制进行了重构；同时他还对国际关系中的国家也作了一些探讨；第三，本文对哈耶克的理论作了一些简单的评述。

First, it reconstructs the argument about the legal provision structure aroused by Analytical Jurisprudence. Austin deemed that the order rule is the main part of the provision structure, but Kelson thought that the punishment rule is the main part of the provision structure. Hart believed that the provision structure should have diverse forms, but the punishment rule is by no means necessary to any provision.

首先，重构了分析实证主义法学有关法律规范结构理论的主要争论：奥斯丁认为命令性规则是法律规范结构的主要部分，而凯尔森则认为规定制裁的规则是规范结构的主要规则，哈特则认为，法律规范应该具有多样形式，但规定制裁的规则并非对任何规范都是必要的。

In the evolution courseof the Frankfurt School's science ethics thoughts,rational criticism hasalways been emphasized.

法兰克福学派学派科学伦理思想在其演进的历程中，十分强调理性的批判性，把对资本主义的研究归结为对资本主义社会的批判，以对科学技术的批判代替对资本主义制度的批判；同时把否定的辩证法作为其方法论，对实证主义进行了系统地批判。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。