实体论

Graph theory and topology was researched to establish graphic interpreter, boolean multiplication ⊙ of a matrix is inferred and defined, and simple sub-graphs are disconnected from complex graph by the multiplication ⊙; parameterization of graph is realized through a sequence of sub-graph entities linked by constraints.

研究了图形翻译器的图论和拓扑学理论基础，推出并定义了矩阵布尔乘运算〓，使用矩阵运算〓将复杂的图形拆分成一系列简单子图；以约束关联的子图实体序列实现图形的参数化。

Nonstandard analysis ; nlargements of number systems ; transfer principle ; external producing principle ; comparative principle ; potential numbers ; measure ; continuum ; discontinuum ; cardinal number ; continuum hypothesis ; Hilbert's first problem Ner

非标准分析；数系的扩大；转移原则；外的生成原则；比较原则；潜在数；测度；连续统；离散统；基数；连续统假设； Hilbert第一问题；新的数学实体；不可分的连续体； Zeno的总格言； Aristotle的猜想；庄周；无厚不可积；万世不竭；测度论的基础

In modern history, substance question is one of focal points concerned by modern empiricism and rationalism.

在近代，实体问题成为经验论与唯理论关注的焦点之一。

Chapter TEN promulgates the epoch-making transformations in the mode of thinking fulfilledby Karl Marx's philosophy:from substantive thinking to relative thinking, from epistemologicalthinking to practical thinking,from predeterminative thinking to epigenesis thinking.

第十章考察马克思哲学在思维方式上所实现的划时代变革：从实体思维到关系思维，从知性思维到实践思维，从直观思维到变革思维，从预成论思维到生成论思维。

By this, I hope I shall be able to provide a more wezhaustive understanging of explanation, and, to construce the concept of explantion not as a logical one by distinguishing explanation from logical inference;(2) not as a psychological one by separating explanation from individual's psychological orientation;(3) not as an Ontic one by emphasizing the relevance of the questioner's and explainer's knowledge-states to explanation;(4) not as a relative one by holding that it is possible to get a non-pragamatic standard to differentiate batter explanations from worse ones.

通过对最新近的实用说明论的得失的详细分析，来探讨有关说明和说明论的一些基本问题，力求在这些探讨的基础上得到对说明的更全面的理解，使得说明概念（1）不是一个逻辑概念，避免将说明与逻辑推导相等同；（2）不是一个心理学概念，将说明与提问者和回答者的心理倾向相分离；（3）不是一个实体概念，强调说明与人们知识状态的密切关系以及（4）不是一个完全相对化了的概念，坚持可以在好的说明和差的说明之间找到某种标准。

One obvious difficulty with ambitious arguments from the contents of thoughts to conclusions about the world, even given a broadly 'externalist' theory, is that our thoughts about a particular substance like water might be composed of thoughts of other kinds of things, and based on a complex set of beliefs.

对强目标论证（思或经验的内容到关于世界的结论），即使是外在论，明显的困难是我们关于特定实体的思组成了其他类型事物的思，基于一个复杂的信念系统。

But in another way, transcendental externalism involves less substantive commitments, for a transcendental externalist view needn't be, as Davidson's isn't, committed to any particular story about the contents of any particular thoughts.

但是，先验外在论包含更少的实体承诺，因为一个先验外在论者无需承诺任何特定思的特定思内容。

A special case is that two distinct arguments, which belong respectively to two subevents, compete for the same θ-role. What should be done then is to make one of the arguments implicit so that every θ-role is assigned to one argument only. When the verb means bodily emission or congestion, its highly inferable argument as the entity in motion is often made implicit too, leaving an empty space for the θ-role.

比较特殊的情况是分属于两个事件的不同论元争夺同一语义角色，这时须隐藏其中一个论元，使每一个语义角色分且仅分给一个论元；而当动词意为"体物外排"或"外物内纳"时，作为运动实体的论元因为不言自明也常被隐去，留下一个语义角色空位。

Again, it is compatible with an emergentism such as Broad's, on which mental properties are ontologically novel emergent properties of an underlying entity, but in this case although there are emergent qualities, there is no emergent downward causation.

还有，相容于诸如Broad的涌现论，按其精神属性是存有上基础实体的奇怪的涌现属性，但在这个情况中，尽管有涌现属性，却没有涌现的下行因果。

The former is thought to result in the abstraction;the latter makes the relation disappear.Secondly,put forward my ownunderstanding of this relation,which should be understood from double meaning:the relation between individual being and the essence of society;the relationbetween individual and the society as a whole.Thirdly,analyse its form inreality from the association of substance and function to prove that it is asymbiosis in which both side depend on each other and create each other.Fourthly,work out a conception of neo-collectivism and attempt to provefrom several aspects on the basis of the understanding of social departmentologyin the view of symbiosis.

本文所做的工作主要是：（1）分析了目前在个人与社会之关系问题上的两种错误理解，即实体化理解和功能化理解，认为前者导致问题的抽象化，后者则在实质上取消了问题本身；（2）提出对于个人与社会之关系的理解，应当在两重意义上予以综合把握：个人存在与其社会本质的关系，以及个人与社会整体的关系；（3）从主体与关系相结合的维度分析了个人与社会之关系的现实形式，即是二者之间互相依存、双向互塑的共生关系；（4）在对社会本位论做共生论理解之拓展了的视界中，提出新集体主义的构想，并从多个方面进行论证。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。