定额

It is proved that the choice function must satisfy the axiom of consistency if the choice function meets the axiom of substitutability together with quotafilling condition; then, it is driven that the choice function is a path independence choice when it satisfies the substitutability and consistency condition.

首先证明了在替代性原理的前提下，选择函数定额充分是满足一致性原理的充分条件；得出了当选择函数满足替代性和定额充分条件时，必定满足路径无关性选择的结论。

Results show 1 the total water requirement of the crops in the Jinghe Watershed is 740543.20×10^4 m^3, accounting for 41.58% of the total water requirement of the region; 2 of the two major groups of crops, grain crops are higher than cash crops in water requirement quotas; and among specific crops, vegetables, melons, rice and cotton are higher and sunflower, potato and benne are lower than other crops; 3 water requirement per hectare varies from county to county with the highest being 5682m^3hm^(-2), in Jingyang County, and the lowest 4022 m^3hm^(-2) in Dingbian County, averaged to 4 583 m^3hm^(-2), but the water requirement quota of a crop does not vary with the county, so calculation of water requirement quota of a county is closely related to its cropping structure; and 4 because of serious waste of water in farming, the actual water consumption in agriculture in the region is much higher than the calculated crop water requirement.

结果表明，泾河流域农作物需水量总计740543.20万立方公尺，农作物需水占总需水量的比例较高，为41.58%。粮食作物需水定额较经济作物高；就具体作物而言，菜、瓜类、水稻、棉花等需水定额较高，向日葵、薯类、胡麻等较低。各县单位面积需水量差异较大，平均值为4583立方公尺hm^(-2)；泾阳县最高，为5682立方公尺hm^(-2)，定边县最低，为4022立方公尺hm^(-2)。由于事先设定大多数作物的需水定额不随县的改变而改变，因此需水量与作物结构密切相关。农业用水浪费严重，使泾河流域农作物实际用水量远高于需水量的理论计算值。

This study introduces the framework of budget quota and the strategies of estimating BQ.

本文以某省为例，介绍了定员定额管理的基本框架和定额标准的核定。

Based on a comprehensive analysis of the problems with current calculation of BQ, this study proposes some recommendations for establishing a better BQ system.

这篇文章对定额管理中存在的问题做了进一步的分析，并提出了进一步完善政府预算定额的建议。

Even though BQ is one of the major innovations in response to departmental budgetary reform, the BQ system is not perfect.

虽然定员定额管理是部门预算改革的一大突破，但是，目前政府预算定额的核定还存在很多问题，预算分配缺乏公平，预算约束力弱和可执行性不强。

Imprest imprest accounting system, imprest management, reserve fund, imprest management ...

定额备用金的核算定额备用金制度，定额备用金管理，备用金，备用金管理。。。

Man-hour rationing is an important and basic work for the modern enterprise management. With the development of the technology, it is necessary to improve the quality and efficiency of the man-hour rationing by using computer aided technologies.

工时定额是现代企业管理的一项关键性基础工作；随着科技的发展，为提高企业工时定额制订工作的水平、质量和效率，利用计算机系统辅助工时定额工作势在必行。

Thereinto, drip irrigation is divided into three treatments of different ration. Tectorial and untectorial treatment are adopted to semifixation spray irrigation. At the same time, seepage-preventing trial is done. By study of one growth season, it shows that the indexes, Comparing with flood irrigation, water-saving technique has the effect of increasing production and harvest, economizing water, energy sources and field, saving work, time and power. It has best significance difference among unit yield of using different irrigation ways. The highest yield is in irrigation treatment of 80% field moisture capacity, it is secondary in seepage-preventing ditch irrigation treatment and is the lowest in spray irrigation treatment. Drip irrigation increase yield 4.0%~25.9%,Seepage-preventing ditch irrigation increase yield 17.5%, and spray irrigation decrease yield 22.4～37.8% comparing with flood irrigation. The effect to yield is obvious in drip irrigation treatment of different irrigation ration.

不同灌溉方式间单位产量存在显著差异，80％田间持水量灌溉处理产量最高，防渗渠畦灌次之，喷灌的产量最低；与土渠漫灌单位产量相比，滴灌增产4.0％～25.9％；防渗渠畦灌增产17.5％；喷灌产量下降22.4％～37.8％；滴灌试验中不同灌溉处理对产量的影响显著，随着灌溉定额的减少，产量随之下降，主要原因是60％田间持水量的灌溉处理限制了棉株的生长发育，降低了产量；不同灌溉方式的灌溉定额与绿洲内土渠漫灌平均灌溉定额相比，滴灌节水47.7％～54.4％，防渗渠畦灌节水38.56％，喷灌节水58.2％；滴灌、喷灌及防渗渠畦灌与土渠漫灌相比分别省工16.2％、25.1％和3.6％；滴灌和喷灌较防渗渠畦和土渠漫灌节地约5％～7％；从净收益来看，防渗渠畦灌较土渠漫灌经济效益提高了34.2％，滴灌提高了9.8％～48.2％，喷灌则下降了23.8％和44.7％；而且采用不同灌溉方式种植棉花，对于成铃率、衣指、衣分、纤维长度、产量等指标，滴灌要优于喷灌和防渗渠畦灌；而成铃数、种子数、铃重、籽指等指标，滴灌、喷灌均小于防渗渠畦灌。

The enterprise should establish the complete fixed quantity system, including the product needed materials fixed quantity, a manufacture time allowance, low consumption fixed quantities and so on work clothes, tool, the maintenance cost fixed quantity and the part work quota and so on, and fulfils exactly the system of rating.

企业应建立完整的定额体系，包括产品用料定额，制造工时定额，工装、工具等低耗定额，维修成本定额及部分工作定额等，并严格执行定额制度。

It is also a set of rating which is used wiedely in the field of bidding of project construction of water works and power plants in each province and city of the country(such as the water works'sheet iron sendimentation tank engineering,the power plant's circulating water supply and drainage system engineering,etc.).

施工企业一般在建设项目投标中大量使用的是预算定额，对于概算定额的使用较为生疏。同时也不难发现，实际使用中与预算定额的报价要求存在较大的差距。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。