定积分

A PID control method based on BP neural network was proposed,concerning the multi-layered temperature control of calenderer rollers and the limitations of the conventional PID control which resulted from the control of the nonlinear and time-varying system.The system design and software development were also presented.

针对压延机辊筒多段温度控制以及常规PID控制在非线性的、时变系统中控制效果的局限性，提出了一种基于BP神经网络整定的PID控制方法，给出了计算机控制系统设计，建立了比例、积分和微分三种参数自学习的PID控制器。

Conditional stability.

反问题，边值问题，不适定问题，偏微分方程，积分方程，条件稳定性，数值分析

To study the taxiing-induced dynamic response of the aircraft with multiple wheels and multiple landing gears due to runway unevenness, base on several reasonable and necessary assumptions, the mathematical model of aircraft in taxiing is established using the d'alembert's principle. It can simulate taxiing inpact properties accurately, it considers in detail the vertical and horizontal motion and pitching about its center of gravity and the significant symmetric elastic modes.

在一些必要合理的假设下，利用达朗贝尔原理，建立了多轮多支柱式及小车式起落架飞机地面滑跑动态响应分析的全机模型，考虑全机沉浮、机体弹性和定常气动力的影响，起落架支柱的弹性变形，小车式起落架的车架的俯仰运动以及弹性变形，对等速滑跑飞机建立了全机运动的微分方程，并以旧金山28-R跑道为地面输入，利用时域积分的方法得到飞机滑跑的各种响应。

The integral equation for determining the unknown forces about the problem can be transformed into algebraic equation and solved numerically.

并推导了SH波对夹杂与裂纹散射的定解积分方程组，进而求得裂纹尖端的动应力因子。

Then the integral equation for determining the unknown forces in the problem can be changed into the algebraic one and solved numerically so that crack DSIF can be determined.

其次，推导了圆孔、裂纹对SH波散射的定解积分方程组，进而求得裂纹尖端动应力强度因子。

Initial boundary value problem of two dimensional unsteady diffusion equations is solved in this paper. By using time-dependent fundamental solution of two dimensional diffusion equations and the extension of double layer potential, we establish virtual boundary integral expression of diffusion equations. Then virtual boundary element method is used to implement the numerical computation.

本文在求解二维非定常扩散方程的初边值问题时，利用二维扩散方程与时间有关的基本解，基于双层位势的延拓，建立二维扩散方程的虚边界积分表达式，然后利用虚边界元法进行数值计算。

For the damping of speed oscillation of hybrid electrical vehicle engine, this paper founded a PID controller according to the relationship between electrical throttle control positions, engine speed and engine torque.

根据发动机电控节气门开度-转速-转矩关系，建立了混合动力汽车用发动机转速比例-积分-微分控制模型，并根据发动机转速响应特性，对模型参数进行了整定。

Finally, an empirical tuning formula was found by carrying out a large amount of simulation experiments.

在大量仿真结果的基础上，给出了一个积分时滞对象的PID控制器参数整定经验公式。

The article discusses over regularization methods the first kind of integral equation.

着重就迭代方法中第一类不适定的积分方程的正则化方法加以探讨。

The electromagnetic inverse scattering problem governed by the fiest kind of Fredholm integral equation is an ill-posed problem.

摘要由第一类Fredholm积分方程所描述的电磁逆散射问题是非适定问题。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。