定积分

Pole-placement and Inner model tuning methods are discussed finally;(2) For the linear derivative action, several different tracker-differentiators are presented to improve the quality of the derivative signals;(3) A neural network tuning method is given for the nonlinear PID controller which includes the above tracker-differentiator;(4) For the linear integral action, a nonlinear pre-phase integrator is studied in order to decrease the phase delay problem; Simulation results show that the nonlinear PID controller including the pre-phase integrator posseses better performance in both fast and stable property, and strong ability of anti-disturbance;(5) A simple optimal criteria is introduced to optimize the parameters of the nonlinear PID controller based on the pre-phase integrator.

仿真研究表明，由此形成的非线性复合积分PID控制系统，具有快速而平稳的过渡过程和超强的干扰抑制能力；(5)采用物理意义简单明确的目标函数的优化设计方法，对上述非线性PID控制器进行参数整定，达到了满意控制典型工业过程的目的。通过对直线电机伺服系统的仿真研究，表明该种非线性控制器具有同时跟踪多个目标的优越性能。

Fuzzy control arithmetic with self-tuning function is introduced into the carburizer temperature control system to form an intelligent fuzzy control system.

从而构成了智能模糊控制系统。针对带有自整定功能的模糊控制比例积分微分算法的计算参数多，一般低速CPU不能实时处理的情况。

For the purpose of extending the applicability of the coupling method to the bidimensional exterior steady Oseen problem, we will introduce a smooth artificial boundary separating an interior inhomogeneous region from an exterior homogeneous region .The solution in the exterior region is represented by an integral equation over the artificial boundary.

为了将这种耦合方法应用于二维外部定常的Oseen问题，我们人为的引入一条光滑的边界，将内部非均匀区域和外部均匀区域分离，外部区域的解可以由人工边界上的积分方程来描述，此积分方程同内部区域的速度-压力变分形式结合为耦合变分形式，我们则可以使用有限元的方法求解此耦合变分方程。

A new concept of convex set and its some characteristic properties This paper give a new definition, the support direction of a boundary point of convex set.

2复杂网格的Buffon概率在积分几何中，运动公式是一些定义在定区域与动区域交集上的几何函数的积分公式。

In the second part,we have mainly discussed the error es-timates of the numerical methods for solving ill-posed problem,including the error estimate of finite-dimensional regulariza-tion method in Chapter 5,and the error estimate of regulariza-tion-spline method for solving Fredholm integral equation ofthe first kind.

在第二部分，我们主要讨论了不适定问题数值方法的误差估计，包括有限维正则化方法求解不适定问题的误差估计以及用样条正则化方法求解第一类Fredholm积分方程的误差估计，两者均是目前还未有的结果。

On Buffon's problem for the complicated lattice Kinematic formulas in integral geometry are integral formulas that represent integrals of geometric functions on the intersection of fixed and moving domains.

2复杂网格的Buffon概率在积分几何中，运动公式是一些定义在定区域与动区域交集上的几何函数的积分公式。

The discrete velocity ordinate method in the kinetic theory of gases is developed and applied to discretize the correspo

借助非定常时间分裂法和无波动无自由参数的NND耗散格式，建立直接求解微观分子速度分布函数的有限差分数值格式；研究并发展可用于离散速度坐标点选取和离散速度空间宏观取矩的高斯─埃尔米特无穷积分方法、等均间隔的牛顿─柯斯复合积分法、以勒让德多项式的根为积分结点的高斯─勒让德数值积分法，并应用于不同马赫数绕流模拟；通过对不同流域一维激波管问题、二维圆柱绕流问题和三维球体绕流的计算研究，并将计算结果与其他途径得到的研究结果诸如DSMC模拟值、N-S解及有关实验数据进行比较分析，创建了一套能有效模拟稀薄流到连续流不同流域气体流动问题简化的统一数值算法研究框架

Servo controller is key part of antenna control system.In some servo controller,classic PID control algorithm is adopted. In order to improve precision of control system,the integral parameter has been turned too big to use because it will cause integral saturation which depress system performance.On the other hand,ISA bus is used to communicate between servo controller and main computer.ISA is low speed interface protocol,it cannot provide more data for complicated real time position control in servo controller.

伺服控制器是天线伺服控制系统的核心环节，经典的PID控制算法在整定时整定出的积分环节参数较大，很容易出现积分饱和，造成控制精度的降低；另一方面伺服系统中伺服控制器与主控计算机通过低速的ISA总线进行通信，无法满足控制器进行复杂的位置控制运算所要求的实时大信息量的数据传输。

Examing neutron integral flux is an important part of fission track technique, and determining neutron integral flux by using uranium standard glass is recommended as a mainmethod by international Fission Track Standardization Group for age-dating.

监测中子积分通量是裂变径迹技术的重要组成部分。铀玻璃监测中子积分通量是国际裂变径迹定年标准化工作组推荐的重要方法之一，铀玻璃测定法还普遍用于测定样品中的铀含量及其空间分布。

In software,I used location PID control algorithm to achieve the right systemPID tuning parameters, PID controller is the ratio of integrals,integral saturation correction factor, the parameters such asintegration time, Due to reasons of space calculation unmanifestedas if this thesis, it is in the final process directly give thevalue.

在软件实现中，本人采用位置式PID控制算法来实现对系统PID参数的整定，得到PID调节器的比例、积分、饱和积分修正系数、积分时间等参数，由于篇幅原因计算过程未列如本论文内容中，只是在最后程序中直接赋予各值。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。