定义为...

In this paper, an axiomatic system for the definition of degree of greyness of grey number is built based on discussion with two definitions of degree of greyness of grey number which have been put forward in the past.

基于对已有的几种灰数灰度定义的讨论，建立了灰数灰度定义的公理系统；以灰数灰度定义公理为准绳，由灰数产生的背景或论域及灰数取数域的测度构造出一种新的灰数灰度定义式。

PART 1 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Basics UNIT 1 A Electrical Networks B Three-phase Circuits UNIT 2 A The Operational Amplifier ——————————— 5 B Transistors UNIT 3 A Logical Variables and Flip-flop —————————— 8 ———————————— 3 B Binary Number System UNIT 4 A Power Semiconductor Devices —————————— 11 B Power Electronic Converters UNIT 5 A Types of DC Motors —————————————15 B Closed-loop Control of DC Drivers UNIT 6 A AC Machines ———————————————19 B Induction Motor Drive UNIT 7 A Electric Power System ————————————22 B Power System Automation PART 2 Control Theory UNIT 1 A The World of Control ————————————27 B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation UNIT 2 A B —————29 Stability and the Time Response ————————— 30 ————————————— 32 Steady State————————————————— 31 UNIT 3 A The Root Locus B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams ————— 33 UNIT 4 A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots ————— 34 B Nonlinear Control System 37 UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory B UNIT 6 State Equations 40 38 A Controllability, Observability, and Stability B Optimum Control Systems UNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent Control B Artificial Neural Network PART 3 UNIT 1 Computer Control Technology A Computer Structure and Function B 42 43 44 Fundamentals of Computer and Networks UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices B The Applications of Computers 46 UNIT 3 A PLC Overview B PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of Control 1 UNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer B Understanding DSP and Its Uses 49 UNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded Systems B Embedded Systems Design PART 4 UNIT 1 Process Control A A Process Control System 50 B Fundamentals of Process Control 53 52 UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters B Final Control Elements and Controllers UNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI Controllers B PID Controllers and Other Controllers UNIT 4 A Indicating Instruments B Control Panels PART 5 UNIT 1 Control Based on Network and Information A Automation Networking Application Areas B Evolution of Control System Architecture UNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control Systems B Stability of NCSs with Network-induced Delay UNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database System B Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in Automation UNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated Manufacturing B Enterprise Resources Planning and Beyond PART 6 UNIT 1 Synthetic Applications of Automatic Technology A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine Drivers B System Evolution in Intelligent Buildings UNIT 2 A Industrial Robot B A General Introduction to Pattern Recognition UNIT 3 A Renewable Energy B Electric Vehicles 2 UNIT 1 A

电路 电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器，电感器和电容器等元件组成。如果网络不包含能源，如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性。就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。在数学上表达为： u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R =电阻，欧姆。纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt =电流变化率，安培/秒； L =感应系数，享利。电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷 q 。因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量 dq 的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u=，式中电容量 C 是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为 i = dq/dt。因此电荷增量 dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或 dq = i dt，那么等式(1-1A-3)可写为式中 C =电容量，法拉。

PART 1 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Basics UNIT 1 A UNIT 2 A UNIT 3 A UNIT 4 A UNIT 5 A UNIT 6 A UNIT 7 A Electrical Networks ———————————— 3 B Three-phase Circuits The Operational Amplifier ——————————— 5 Logical Variables and Flip-flop —————————— 8 Power Semiconductor Devices —————————— 11 Types of DC Motors —————————————15 AC Machines ———————————————19 Electric Power System ————————————22 B Transistors B Binary Number System B Power Electronic Converters B Closed-loop Control of DC Drivers B Induction Motor Drive B Power System Automation PART 2 Control Theory UNIT 1 A B UNIT 2 A UNIT 3 A UNIT 4 A The World of Control ————————————27 Stability and the Time Response ————————— 30 The Root Locus ————————————— 32 The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 B Steady State————————————————— 31 B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams ————— 33 The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots ————— 34 B Nonlinear Control System 37 UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory B B B PART 3 B B B State Equations Optimum Control Systems Artificial Neural Network Computer Control Technology 42 43 44 Fundamentals of Computer and Networks The Applications of Computers 46 40 38 UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and Stability UNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent Control UNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices UNIT 3 A PLC Overview PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of Control 1 UNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49 B B PART 4 B B B B PART 5 B B B B PART 6 Understanding DSP and Its Uses Embedded Systems Design Process Control 50 52 53 Fundamentals of Process Control UNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded Systems UNIT 1 A A Process Control System UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters Final Control Elements and Controllers PID Controllers and Other Controllers Control Panels Control Based on Network and Information Evolution of Control System Architecture Stability of NCSs with Network-induced Delay Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in Automation Enterprise Resources Planning and Beyond Synthetic Applications of Automatic Technology UNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI Controllers UNIT 4 A Indicating Instruments UNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application Areas UNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control Systems UNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database System UNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated Manufacturing UNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine Drivers B B B System Evolution in Intelligent Buildings A General Introduction to Pattern Recognition Electric Vehicles UNIT 2 A Industrial Robot UNIT 3 A Renewable Energy 2 UNIT 1 A

电路 电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器，电感器和电容器等元件组成。如果网络不包含能源，如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性。就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。在数学上表达为： u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R =电阻，欧姆。纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt =电流变化率，安培/秒； L =感应系数，享利。电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷 q 。因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量 dq 的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u=，式中电容量 C 是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为 i = dq/dt。因此电荷增量 dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或 dq = i dt，那么等式(1-1A-3)可写为式中 C =电容量，法拉。

The part that has completed at present is as follows: The first day -- Flex foundation, inclusive content has: The data that Flex of understanding of space of work of Flex Builder Flex Builder of understanding of Flex, Flash, Flash Player, AIR overview compiles package to understand MXML component beforehand binds incident of calm processing user to understand incident object to use ActionScript to add incident dictograph to use HttpService to get data the following day -- package is developed, this part includes following video: The MXML component that shows in DataGrid the use of layout container founds data to be defined oneself realizes Value Object kind found found from definition incident define incident oneself kind define project apply colours to a drawing oneself implement the use that explores Flex Bulider is small doohickey the 3rd day -- work in coordination, include: Data test and verify uses long-range object to transmit data format to change data to accuse from list medium procrastinate put data to use E4X to filter XML deploy Flex and AIR application the 4th day -- add visual component, specific content is as follows: Executive navigation container embeds image embeds font founds the layout that is based on a tie to apply a style to combine Adobe CS3 to make package skin found view status animation for MXML component: Skin of component of implementation of behavior and encode of graph of scale of API of plot of union of specially good effect is patulous package the 5th day -- the exercise of behavior form a complete set of timer of Flash of understanding of advanced development skill and code of give typical examples can come the page of Flex In A Week of Adobe government downloads.

目前已经完成的部分如下：第一天——Flex基础，包括的内容有： Flex、Flash、Flash Player、AIR概述了解Flex Builder Flex Builder工作空间了解Flex预编译组件了解MXML 组件的数据绑定处理用户事件了解事件对象使用ActionScript添加事件侦听器使用HttpService获取数据第二天——组件开发，该部分包括如下视频：在DataGrid中显示数据布局容器的使用创建自定义的MXML组件实现Value Object类创建自定义事件创建自定义事件类自定义项目渲染器探索Flex Bulider的使用小窍门第三天——协同工作，包括：数据验证使用远程对象来传输数据格式化数据从列表控件中拖放数据使用E4X来过滤XML 部署Flex和AIR应用第四天——添加视觉组件，具体内容如下：执行导航容器嵌入图像嵌入字体创建基于约束的布局为MXML组件应用样式结合Adobe CS3制作组件皮肤创建视图状态动画：行为和特效结合绘图API绘制图形编码实现组件皮肤扩展组件第五天——高级开发技巧了解Flash定时器的行为配套练习及示例代码可至Adobe官方的Flex in a Week页面下载。

This paper discusses such problems which are easily solved incorrectly in limitedteaching as, segment function is uncertain not to be elementary function, elementary function is un-certain to be continuous in its field of definition, unlimited variable is uncertain to be infinity, theinfinitely many infinitesimal is uncertain to be infinitesimal, the multiplication of two non- infinitesi-mal is uncertain not to be infinitesimal.

1分段函数不一定不是初等函数我们知道初等函数的定义是：常数和基本初等函数经过有限次的四则运算或复合，用一个解析式表示的函数叫初等函数。教材中的定义强调的"有限次"和"一个解析式"，使很多同学产生"非有限次"和"非一个解析式"的函数就不是初等函数的误解。例1f=ceox，s xx！0为分段函数，但也可以表示为f=e12(x-x2")+cos12(x+x2#"$)-1，故为初等函数。

All the research on divergence microtheory is the basis for a number of decisions that are made during the design and construction of KCM, including the definitions of primitives, the structure of interlingua, a definition of a parametrizes semantic-syntactic mapping, organization of the dictionary.

在语言泛处理模式的结构设计中，异化现象的分类研究，形式化定义及定性分析为原语定义、中间语言结构定义、词典组织、语义-句法参数映射的定义等许多决策提供了依据。

With the evaluation, each group measuring value is considered as a single subsystem, and the minmax-difference, mean difference and the mean square value of each group are calculated. Then, the ratio of the mean difference to the measurement mean value is defined as the system-relatively error of subsystem and the ratio of the minmax difference to the measurement mean value is defined as the accidence-relatively error of the subsystem.

以每组为一个子系统，分别计算出每组的极差、平均差和标准差，然后定义平均差和测量平均值的比值为子系统的系统相对误差，定义极差和测量平均值的比值为子系统的偶然相对误差。

If 〓 is an absolutely continuousmeasure and is represented by a measurable function f on Q,then u is said tobe the generalized solution of(1),and 〓 to be the parabolic Monge-Amperemeasure.

定义1由legendre变换定义了一个Q上的测度〓（4）其中〓为〓空间中的Lebesgue测度，若〓是一个绝对连续测度且在Q上由可测函数〓表示，则称u为方程（1）的广义解、称测度〓为抛物型Monge-Ampère测度。

The viscosity solutions for partial differential equations of parabolic type havethree different basic definitions.The three definitions are equivalent when the equa-tions are continuous.But for the discontinuous equations,the equivalence of themare still unknown.

因为抛物型方程粘性解有三种基本定义法，它们在方程为连续时相互等价，对于不连续情况，它们间关系尚不明确，因而在本章里，我们特别证明了其中二个定义：定义1，定义2之间的关系。

The matrix =( xi, xjp having the e-th power of the greatest common P-divisorp of xi and xj as its-entry is called the e-th power GCD matrix on S. The matrix = having the e-th power of the least common P-multiple p of xi and xj as its-entry is called the e-th power LCM matrix on 5. We obtained the following results:(1) is nonsingular for any set S;(2) If S is an FC set, then the determined of has formula Det =Jpe(x1)...Jpe, where the function Jpe is the generalized Jordan totient function;(3) A formula of the inverse of is given when S is an FC set;(4) If S is an FC set, then |.

以_P的e次方为第i行j列元素的矩阵称为定义在S上的e次幂GCD矩阵，记为；以_P的e次方为第i行j列元素的矩阵称为S上的e次幂LCM矩阵，记为，我们得到了如下结果：①定义在集合S上的e次幂GCD矩阵是非奇异的；②若S是R上的FC集，则S上的e次幂GCD矩阵的行列式Det=J_p~e(x_1)J_P~e(x_2)…，J_p~e，其中J_p~e为R上的Jordan函数；③当S为FC集时，得到了的逆矩阵~-1的表达式；④证明了当S是FC集时，整除，即等于与R上另一个矩阵的乘积。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。