官能团

2 New carbonyl functionalized imide derivatives of maleimide were synthesized by the direct reaction of amino acids with maleic anhydride.

用氨基酸与苹果酸酐直接反应，合成了两个含羧基官能团的苹果酰亚胺，为氨基酸氮端的保护以及含羧基官能团的酰亚胺类化合物的合成提供了一种直接、简便的新方法。

The temperature effect on the oil yield was discussed at first. Then, analytical work was carried out as follows: the ultimate analysis and physi-chemical analysis of the pyrolytic oil comprised a sketch of the fuel properties of the oil; Then, through the distillation analysis of the oil, the fraction composition of the "unrefined"oil was known. After that, a general knowledge of the aromaticity and saturation of the hydrocarbons in the oil was provided by the outcome of the FT-IR functional group analysis. Also, from the analysis, the form of the polar functional groups and their distribution in different fractions of the oil were learned.

文中首先对不同热解温度下热解油产率进行分析讨论，然后，针对热解油品质进行了一系列分析：通过元素组成和理化特性的分析，对热解油作为燃料特性有了一个大致了解；通过实沸点蒸馏分析，得到热解油作为一种未提炼油的馏分分布，并为后续热解油馏分的细入分析提供了前提；通过对热解全油和各窄馏分的FT-IR官能团分析，对热解油的芳香性、不饱和性有了整体的了解，并且清楚了热解油中的极性官能团存在型式及其在热解油不同馏分中的分布。

The result makes clear: CF surface acidity is luscious it is good to increase and increase effect of acid treatment of; thick saltpetre what round amount handles time as thick nitric acid to oxidize than air, when the time that handles CF when thick nitric acid is 20 Min, tensile strength of CF/TPI composite material and flexural strength rise respectively 10% with 14%, XPS shows CF surface active is right now luscious the group increases than was not being handled 35.89%.

结果表明：CF表面酸性官能团的数量随着浓硝酸处理时间的增加而增加；浓硝酸处理效果比空气氧化好，当浓硝酸处理CF的时间为20 min时，CF/TPI复合材料拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别提高10%和14%，XPS表明此时CF表面活性官能团比未处理增加35.89%。

The array consisted of 8 piezoelectric crystal sensors, each coated with an adsorptive material with unselective, but different response characteristics. The frequency shift data obtained from the array as the response to mixed vapour of common organic solvents of small molecular size were treated by using stepwise discrimination analysis, and five coatings that provided the maximum level of analyte discriminating ability were selected. The array constructed from these solvents was applied to recognizing alcoholic hydroxyl, carbonyl from other organic functional groups. The principal component analysis was applied to the original and autoscalled data. The two-dimensional display of the data showed well-defined clusters for solvents containing different functional groups separated from each other. The array was applied to identifying spirits and beverages.

该阵列由八个压电晶体传感器组成，每个传感器涂以具有广谱响应性能的不同吸附活性材料，阵列对常见小分子有机溶剂混合蒸气的响应频移数据采用逐步判别分析处理，选出五个供信能力最佳的判别变量，以此构成的阵列用于小分子有机溶剂混合蒸气中醇羟基、羰基与其它官能团的识别，并采用主成分分析法降维投影，在二维空间含相同官能团的物质聚为一类；阵列可用于酒类、软饮料的识别。

The E-TOF will also be feasible and practical to assist chemists in screening the optimal reaction condition or evaluating the overall efficiency of different catalytic systems for a specific asymmetric reaction.4.For the first time,we explored chiralγ-hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters,which were prepared via asymmetric alkynylation,as key intermediates to the synthesis of chiralγ-butyrolactones. This convergent and enantioselective approach to chiralγ-butyrolactones is practical and easily handled with protecting group free.

这一概念包括反应产率、对映选择性、配体用量以及反应时间四个重要反应参数，不仅适用同一反应不同催化体系的横向综合性评价，而且适用于某一特定反应催化体系的优化过程，有助于研究人员选择最佳的反应条件。4、我们发展了以手性γ-羟基-α，β-炔酸酯为关键中间体完成了手性γ-丁内酯类天然产物的对映立体选择性全合成，该关键中间体能够以我们的催化体系方便的对映选择性合成，之后的官能团转换方法成熟，易于操作，无需进行繁琐的官能团保护和脱保护过程，绿色经济。

1A series ofω-alkylmercapo acid were synthesized by two methods:one involved the reaction of the appropriateω-bromoalkyl acid with mercaptide under the presence of base;the other method was used only for the long alkyl compound by the reaction ofω-alkenyl acid and alkanethiol in the presence of AIBN.

正是基于以上考虑，本论文探索了合成下沿带有硫醚官能团，而上沿带有偶氮官能团的杯[4]芳烃衍生物的方法，进行了以下研究： 1采用ω-溴代羧酸和烃基硫醇在碱性条件下发生反应，或由ω-烯基羧酸和硫醇在AIBN的存在下反应，得到了ω-硫醚羧酸，使用氯化亚砜将羧酸转化为酰氯。

Carboxymethyl groups were proved to be linked to PVA by Fourier transform infrared spectra and the degree of carboxymethyl substitution on the PVA was 2.77%determined by conductometric titration.

通过傅立叶红外光谱表征证明了羧甲基官能团已经被引入到聚乙烯醇分子链上，而且利用电导滴定测定了它的羧甲基官能团的取代度为2.77%。

The characteristics of the AP include (1) in addition to the formation of hydrogel in aqueous alkaline or polar organic solution, AP can form carbonaceous hydrogel in neutral and acidic aqueous solutions, which extents the application of carbonaceous sol-gel;(2) AP contains a large amount of nitric groups which decomposes quickly by thermal initiation, releasing a large amount of gases and heat, indicating explosive properties of the AP;(3) metal salt-containing AP is also explosible by thermal initiation, and the metal in AP promotes the explosion.

以沥青为碳源，用氧化法制备水性沥青过程中，浓硫酸和浓硝酸的比例、用量、氧化温度及氧化时间对水性沥青的收率皆有影响。经过氧化后，沥青上含有许多含氧官能团，导致水性沥青溶于水。含氧官能团越多，水性沥青越易溶于水。调节制备条件，可使水性沥青不仅可以在碱性水溶液中形成凝胶，而且可以在中性和酸性水溶液中形成溶胶、凝胶，从而拓宽了炭基溶胶—凝胶法制备炭基纳米材料的应用范围。

One route was that the amino-groups on the silica gel were transformed to tertiary amines by Eschweiler-clarke reaction that amine-groups react with formaldehyde and methanoic acid to prepare tertiary amines; the silica gel intermediates with tertiary amine groups reacted with chorohydrocarbons to prepare insoluble silica gel quaternary ammonium salt bactericides. Another route was that the amino-groups on the silica gel reacted with excessive chlorohexadecane; the preparing intermediates were quaternized with iodomethane to obtain insoluble silica gel quaternary ammonium salt bactericides.

一条路线是根据埃施韦勒-克拉克(Eschweiler-clarke)胺甲基化反应，进行胺基叔胺化反应，制成带有叔胺官能团的硅胶中间体，此中间体上的叔胺与卤代烷反应生成杀菌活性官能团季铵盐，制成硅胶类水不溶性季铵盐杀菌剂；另一条路线是带有胺反应活性中心的硅胶与过量正氯代十六烷反应，得到的中间体再用碘甲烷季铵化，得到最终产品——水不溶性季铵盐杀菌剂。

The infrared test indicates: all the saponins absorbing waves are similar, they contain functional groups such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, primary aliphatic alcohols and secondary aliphatic alcohols(Aliphatic carboxylic acids in sample 1 and 2) estimated by basic analyzed chart. They may contain long carbon chain with hydroxy, isomaltose and galactose estimated by particular analyzed chart.

红外吸收表明：皂甙组分的波形都非常相近，经过基础图谱分析可以发现皂甙中含有脂肪烃、脂肪族伯醇、脂肪族仲醇等官能团，样品1与2还含有脂肪酸官能团，经详细图谱检索，说明皂甙含有带羟基的长碳链、异麦芽糖和β-D-半乳糖。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。