官场

In bright generation history, I adore most should belong to modest, zhuhou takes be in office at that time, when Wei Zhongxian controls affairs of state, this paragraph of time is the rare dark period on Ming Dynasty official circles, basically object Wei Zhongxian helping the official of eunuch then, neither one good end, but even if such, bright history account: Dare over the imperial court speak bluntly and by bastinado of Wei Zhongxian the court of a feudal ruler person, amount to more than 30 people unexpectedly, bastinado of the court of a feudal ruler is old end, in ancient time this kind of criminal law often can hit a the dead, suggest so everybody son fasten beat on the buttocks.

在明代历史中，我最崇拜当属于谦，当时朱厚照当政，魏忠贤把持朝政之时，这段时间算是明朝官场上少有的黑暗时期，基本上反对魏忠贤那帮太监的官员，没有一个好下场，但是就算这样，明史记载：朝廷之上敢于直言而被魏忠贤廷杖者，一次竟达三十多人，廷杖就是大屁股，在古代这种刑法经常可以打死人，所以建议大家都儿子了就别打屁股。

He is not, in other words, a typical Beltway power broker.

换句话说，他不是一个传统的华盛顿官场上政治掮客。

But no doubt it was all part of the strain of life in the bureaucratic jungle .

但是，毫无疑问，这完全是官场中勾心斗角生活的一部分。

The cachet associated with officialdom is said to have also helped Audi sales in the broader Chinese market.

据说，奥迪成了官场身份的象征，这还提振了这款车型在大中华市场的销售。

From the management aim made by the form of managing with law in Ming Hui Code, to the thought of severe punishment in Ming Great Law and Ming Great Admonition, to the proper adjust of lawmaking suited to the society and treating the official clemently, we can see that Ming Dynasty racks the minds scheming the methods of managing the officials .But corruption was the appraisal of Ming Dynasty of afterworld . During the whole period of Ming Dynasty especially the later stage , corruption was widely. The political factor and culture factor were the most important reason .Value view of government behalf incorporation .Economical behalf is obtained not by economical means ,but by political ones, which is not a,normal state .

从《明会典》以行政法典的形式来确立吏治目标，到《大明律》、《明大诰》重典治吏思想的提出，到明中后期《问刑条例》因时立法、情法适中、宽厚待吏的适时调整，明代统治集团在整肃吏治上可谓费尽心机，但腐败始终被后人看作明代官场的最后鉴定，整个明代尤其是中后期，贪风日盛、贿赂公行，究其原因，社会总体机制下制度性因素和文化因素是最根本的，那就是中国传统的官利一体化的价值观，当官与发财是划等号的，经济利益不是通过经济方式而是通过政治方式来解决，这本身就是一种不正常的社会状态。

Part three: This part analysis the problem and the cause of our official accountability system, such as: the officer standard thought in the traditional officialdom culture is inveterate among the officer leader, the vague distinguishability between the right and the duty in administration system, the lack of main body, the innormative of official accountability system procedure, the attention paid to the consubstantiality accountability but not to the variant accountability and so on.

包括公务员制度实施前后，我国问责制在发展过程中存在的问题，如对领导干部问责制存在着认识误区；传统官场文化中的官本位思想在领导干部头脑中根深蒂固；行政体制中权责划分模糊；问责主体缺位；问责程序不规范；强调惩罚机制，忽视激励机制等问题。

Part I :the definition of officialdom novels ,the insightful discussion of the development of them ,and the primary analysis of the reasons of their flourishing ;Part II :the construction of subject matters of officialdom novels by probing analysis into official corruption ,official and social psychologies ;Part III: the of artistic features of characters and narrative (i.e. narrative perspective constructions ,discourse and ironical narration ),which are illustrated by the positive characters with personalities ,negative ones with complex characteristics ,more importantly ,the vulgar existence ofgray characters ,the discovery of features of narrative methods with the contract of two types of novels ; Part IV: the positive comment on the realistic rules of officialdom novels and the surpassing of the previous ones ,the shortcomings from the artistic perspective : the adoption to the reality seriously fetters artistic imagination of literature works ,it also reads to the lacking of insightful thinking ,the simple characters fail to reveal artistic glamour ,the routinized narrative methods also degrades the artistic savor of works .

第一部分，界定官场小说的内涵，并对它的历史发展，对其在当下繁荣的原因做初步的探析；第二部分，从官场小说对官场腐败、官员内心世界和社会文化心理等方面的揭示考察其主题构成；第三部分，从人物形象、叙事方式(叙事视角、叙事结构、反讽叙事、叙事话语)等分析官场小说的艺术表现特征，指出官场小说不仅塑造了性格鲜明的正面人物，也真实刻画了具有复杂人性的反面角色，更重要的是展现了官场灰色人物的庸俗生存，并通过两类不同类型小说的对比，揭示其各自不同的叙事特征；第四部分，充分肯定官场小说的现实主义价值，及其对前期官场小说的超越，并从小说艺术角度指出其存在的严重不足：小说对现实的屈从束缚了作品的艺术想象力，使小说缺乏深厚的思想内蕴；人物形象也显得单薄，无法产生感人的艺术魅力；叙事的模式化也大大降低了作品的艺术品位。

Officialdom novels can be analyzed through three angels : political trickeries , rules and wisdoms .

官场小说可从三方面解读，一是权术，二是官场&游戏&规则，三是政治大智慧。

Keeping the above-said in mind, a man is qualified to make a living in officialdom; he is able to handle the affairs at ease and protect himself, his position and wealth.

能够保有上述的认识，才有资格到官场上去讨生活，也才能在官场上应付裕如，持盈保泰。

This chapter has taken the late Qing Dynasty imperial examination and officialdom vocabulary semantic field as example,and analyses the general picture of vocabulary semantics in The Records of Officialdom Exposure by modern Chinese semantics,and analyses and contrasts the synonyms in The Records of Officialdom Exposure.

第四章：《官场现形记》词汇语义分析，以晚清科举和官场词汇语义场为例，运用现代汉语语义学的理论分析了《官》中词汇语义的概貌，并对《官》中的同义词进行了分析、对比。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。