宗族的

With the establishment of the private land ownership, great changes took place in the rural society of the Song Dynasty. Therefore, a series of traits came into being which were most different from those of the previous society, including the weakening of consanguinity, the disintegration of the traditional clannish society, the change of production relations, the development of ethics, and the transformation of governmental functions.

由于土地私有制度的确立，宋代的乡村社会发生了巨大的变化，形成了一系列与前代社会截然不同的特征，这些特征包括血缘关系的淡薄、传统宗族社会的瓦解、生产关系的改变、伦理观念的发展以及政府职能的转变等。

Along with fresh injections of capital and ingenuity and China's famous entrepreneurial bustle, the Chinese also often bring an insular clannishness, a driven style of management, an unblushing attitude toward corruption, and as the case in Pakistan suggests, an acceptance of things like brothels, which are common in China but in many other societies are seen as undesirable or are illegal.

随着新鲜资本、独创性和中国著名的创业喧嚣的注入，中国人也往往带来了狭隘的宗族性、驱策性的管理风格、对腐败的不脸红态度、以及对妓院等事物的接受（在中国这是常见的，但在其他许多社会，这是被视为不受欢迎或非法的）。

Along with fresh injections of capital and ingenuity and China's famous entrepreneurial bustle, the Chinese also often bring an insular clannishness, a driven style of management, an unblushing attitude toward corruption, and as the case in Pakistan sugge

随着新鲜资本、独创性和中国著名的创业喧嚣的注入，中国人也往往带来了狭隘的宗族性、驱策性的管理风格、对腐败的不脸红态度、以及对妓院等事物的接受（在中国这是常见的，但在其他许多社会，这是被视为不受欢迎或非法的）。

So that on failing to execute an operative Testament, a Roman of the era under examination left his emancipated children absolutely without provision, while, on the assumption that he died childless, there was imminent risk that his possessions would escape from the family altogether, and devolve on a number of persons with whom he was merely connected by the sacerdotal fiction that assumed all members of the same gens to be descended from a common ancestor.

因此，如果没有一个有效的"遗命"，在我们所考察的这一个时期中的一个罗马人就将使其解放之子绝对得不到什么权利，另一方面，既然假定他在死亡时没有子嗣，则他的宗族就有完全失去其财产而使财产传诸于另外一些人的迫切危险，这些人和他的关系仅仅是由于祭司的拟制，假定凡是同族的全部成员都是来自一个共同祖先。

In traditional Jiarong Zang nationality villages, inheritance and marriage rules which are represented by the "house name" make core family as the basic unit, and rule out the possibility of extended family and religious organization. Kinships among them become loose,but the rate of marriage alliance within the village is very high because incest taboo which is represented by the "house name" gives villagers more freedom to choose their marriage. And villagers also want to control the cost of marriage.A Jiarong Zang nationality village is actually a heavily heterozygote of blood-relation, marriage and place, a boundary of human relations.

在传统的嘉绒藏寨中，以"房名"为象征的继嗣和婚姻规则使核心家庭成为嘉绒社会最基本的单元，并且排除了扩大家庭和宗族组织的存在，亲属关系呈现为相对松散的状态，但以"房名"为记号的乱伦禁忌使绒人在婚姻选择上具有更大的自由，加之绒人降低婚姻成本的考虑，导致了高比率的寨内联姻，一个嘉绒藏寨实际上是血缘、姻缘和地缘的高度重合体，是人际关系的空间边界，日常交往体现出寨内的高度趋同性和整体性。

For example: Jin-Jang Tao inherits the basic meanings of the I-Kuan Tao that passed on to Taiwan from mainland China years ago, and therefore, it's organizational system, ceremonial style and disciplinal concepts should all be identical to that of the old system.

今彰道他是承续著由大陆传来的一贯道的道统而来，照道理其中的组织、仪式、修持观应该也是和旧有系统一致，但是数十年来该组织随著在台湾的发展，逐渐衍生成为家族、宗族把持的模式，其礼节、仪式、修持观更是随著时代的改变而有所变化。

Because spring is the vitally reproductive period of nature and farming, the activities of festival rites are open, assuming the form of association between different clansmen as well as between different stockaded villages, and having the contacts in love and marriage between young men and women as thier content. While the late autumn and winter in which farming is drawing to an end are a period of death in nature and farming.

因为春季是自然与农事的生命繁殖期，所以春季节日仪礼主要表达民众促进新的生命的增殖繁盛的希望，故而节日仪礼活动是开放的，采取不同宗族、不同村寨之间的交际形式，主要以青年男女的爱情与婚姻的交往为内容。

In traditional Jiarong Zang nationality villages, inheritance and marriage rules which are represented by the "house name" make core family as the basic unit, and rule out the possibility of extended family and religious organization. Kinships among them become loose,but the rate of marriage alliance within the village is very high because incest taboo which is represented by the "house name" gives villagers more freedom to choose their marriage. And villagers also want to control the cost of marriage.A Jiarong Zang nationality village is actually a heavily heterozygote of blood-relation, marriage and place, a boundary of human relations.

在传统的嘉绒藏寨中，以&房名&为象征的继嗣和婚姻规则使核心家庭成为嘉绒社会最基本的单元，并且排除了扩大家庭和宗族组织的存在，亲属关系呈现为相对松散的状态，但以&房名&为记号的乱伦禁忌使绒人在婚姻选择上具有更大的自由，加之绒人降低婚姻成本的考虑，导致了高比率的寨内联姻，一个嘉绒藏寨实际上是血缘、姻缘和地缘的高度重合体，是人际关系的空间边界，日常交往体现出寨内的高度趋同性和整体性。

Ceremony and singing master rich narrative of the dance drama on the national Mulao The emergence and development of great importance, at the same time, according to the Yifan festivals staged by the cyclical, but also strengthen the internal cohesion of the clan and collective identity.

仪式中师傅丰富的唱腔和富有叙事性的舞蹈对仫佬族民族戏剧的产生和发展有重要的意义，同时，依饭节通过周期性的展演，也强化了宗族内部的凝聚力和集体认同感。

There are three parts in the main body of the thesis: first the author discussed the origin of charitable spirit, the change in the spirit and acts of modern charities and its new features; meanwhile, the author also gave an introduction of the purpose and scope of charities; second, the author made a further discussion on basic causes of the development of almshouses and charitable associations in Chongqing during that period, their organizational system; and then discussed the breeding fields with modern features and some characters of clan, and some problems and disputes happened among them, and then discussed the relationship among government, civilian, and gentry. Finally, the author gave a summary of the difference and indifference of the charities in Chongqing and Shanghai by comparing of them.

正文首先，论述了中国慈善思想的源流，近代慈善事业在思想与办善举措上的转变状况，以及慈善事业出现的新特征，同时，介绍了慈善事业的落脚点与范围；其次，论述了清末民初重庆综合善堂、善会发展的根本原因，以及善堂、善会的基本建制：接着论述了重庆具有近代特色与宗族特点的教养工场，以及民间善堂、善会中出现的问题与纠纷，并由此分析了官一民一绅在慈善事业中的关系；最后，通过对重庆与上海两地慈善事业的比较，总结了慈善事业在两地的异同。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。