宗族

Peasant s had more clan and localist ideology than consciousness of class and revolution. Localism and clannishness infiltrated t he grass - root organizations of t he Party.

农民的宗族地缘观念浓于阶级和革命意识，地方主义和宗族性渗透于基层党组织中。

Suppose that "governmental powers—local elite—clanship organizations" is the reasonable tool, with which the patterns evolution of china xiang area governance can be explained. That means, there are three authoritative systems: governmental powers.local elite.and clanship organizations.

假设"官府治权——地方精英——宗族组织"框架是解释中国乡域治理格局演变的合理工具，即认为在中国传统乡域治理结构中，存在三套权威系统：官府治权，地方精英和宗族组织。

It temples such as bridges and links, clan society plays a very important role, it will be like magnet for people linked to safeguard the interests of the clan, clansman of continuity.

而宗祠如桥梁似纽带，在宗族社会中起着十分重要的作用，它如同磁铁般将族人联结在一起，使宗族利益得以维护，使宗亲关系得以延续。

Therefore, the rise and fall of the clansmen activities, is decided by its solution of these two problems to a certain degree.

因此，一个宗族的宗族活动的盛衰，在相当程度上取决于它对这两个问题的解决。

But the solution of these two problem or not and the degree of the solution, have close relations with the geography humanities environment, with the civilizing of the clansmen and the education of the schools, with the whole characters of the leaders.

而这两个问题的解决与否及解决的程度，是与宗族的地理人文环境、宗族教化和文化教育、领导班子的整体素质等等三方面有着密切的关系。

Not all of the Highland clan s, who turned out to fight f0r the jacobite cause were the old, traditional ones

出来为詹姆斯二世党人的事业而战的苏格兰高地人宗族并不都是古老而守旧的宗族。

The objective of this dissertation is to make a sketch of situation of filial duty and its dissemination in Han Dynasties.

一：汉代平民宗族研究。孝是宗族与家庭内部最重要的伦理规范，也是宗族得以发展的重要推动力。

And we argue that, if the research is to be deepen in further steps and breakthroughs are to be achieved, something must be done: to reject the noble-like thinking characterized by the sense of ego-superiority of self-culture; to get the better of the thinking habit such as the argument of feudal-clan, the argument of backward politic ideology of the peasantry;to relate rural clans to the peasantry, their subject of benefits instead of splitting them, and regard the multi-choices of ways of the existence and social benefits of rural society as well as urban society, thus to overcome the static vision on looking at the rural clan.

农村改革兴起后，农村宗族组织及其活动在中国商品经济最为活跃的东南地区的普遍复兴，给了这一思维定势以强烈的冲击，进而引起学者们对这一问题的重新认识和反思；进入80年代末期以后，随着村民自治建设的不断推进，作为一种农村社会群体形式的宗族组织自然又与村民自治自觉不自觉地缠绕在一起，如何评价宗族在村民自治进程中的角色和影响便成为一个更具有现实性意义的话题。

The Relation between the Development of Patriarchalism of Powerful Clans and the Development of Social Structure of Han Dynasty The reviving and rebuilding of clans power in West and East Han dynasties was determined by the bureaucracy and patriarchalism of powerful clan.

每一个这样的宗族集团内部又往往表现出一种较强的宗族武装色彩，实施武装自保或以宗族武装加入到汉代末年的地方割据的武装斗争之中，成为汉末武装割据的社会基础。

In a word, powerful clan in West and East Han dynasties built and kept clan power, completed step by step the transition from civil society to clan society through the development of powerful clan, especially the patriarchalism of powerful clan, thus forming the foundation of Shi Zu society of Wei and Jindynasties.

第三章 豪族的宗族化进程与汉代社会结构的演变两汉是宗族势力的复苏和重建，在一定程度上取决于豪族势力通过政治联结，逐步控制汉代政治的运行，出现&累世公卿&的名门望族，即豪族的官僚和宗族化来实现的。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。