宗教和政治的

The Silk Road gave rise to the clusters of military states of nomadic origins in North China, invited the Nestorian, Manichaean, Buddhist, and later Islamic religions into Central Asia and China, created the influential Khazar Federation and at the end of its glory, brought about the largest continental empire ever: the Mongol Empire, with its political centers strung along the Silk Road (Beijing in North China, Karakorum in central Mongolia, Sarmakhand in Transoxiana, Tabriz in Northern Iran, Astrakhan in lower Volga, Bahcesaray in Crimea, Kazan in Central Russia, Erzurum in eastern Anatolia), realizing the political unification of zones previously loosely and intermittently connected by material and cultural goods.

丝绸之路引发了由中国北部开始的游牧地区军队丛生，引发了景教、摩尼教、佛教，后期还有伊斯兰宗教进入中亚和中国，创造了有影响力的哈扎尔联盟。在它的显赫终结之时，带来了曾经是最大陆地面积的帝国：蒙古帝国，它的政治中心是沿着丝绸之路（中国北部的北京，蒙古中部的哈拉和林、河中地区的萨马卡罕、北伊朗的大不里士、伏尔加河下游的阿斯特拉罕、克里米亚的巴塞莎拉、中俄罗斯的喀山、安纳托利亚东部的埃尔祖鲁姆），意识到先前松散和被物质和文化商品间歇地连接的地区需要政治上的统一。

Practically, in order to reduce probability and possibility of conflict, religious functional should focus more on the out-group bounding model in favor of enlarged potential alliance to guarantee regional security, while it may erode consolidation of in-group members in the meantime.

从可操作的层面来看，要减少宗教性质的地区暴力冲突发生的概然律和降低冲突升级的可能性，宗教功能单位可以采取的行为是自我调节，包括尝试限制自身行为和转变自身过激政治属性，以及参与和接受有助于地区安全的调解，以促进更大范围的群体聚合。

It is that the long-term existence of paradox in politics and economics, ethnic and religion, culture and customs among nations or in one country, religious fundamentalism, national secessionism and racialism that resulted from the difference among various ideology, and trans-nations' criminals in terrorism in recent years that all become the roots which terrorism relies on.

国家间和一国内部政治经济、民族宗教、文化习俗等矛盾的长期存在、意识形态差异所导致的"宗教原教旨主义"、民族分裂主义和种族主义以及近年来跨国犯罪与恐怖主义的合流都成为恐怖主义得以滋长的根源。

In his literary and dramatic works, Lessing expressed the thoughts to Enlighten and foster the national sprit and even to set up an integral national civilization; what"s more, he opposed the feudal separationist rule with his ideal of Kosmopolitismus. At that time, after succeeding and developing European humanist tradition, Lessing formed his religious philosophy and religious tolerance, with his rational opinion, he deepened the profundity of German Enlightenment. Furthermore, he created townspeople"s drama and advocated the realistic aesthetics. On the one hand, he praised their disposition and expressed their political desire and class interest, which made the townspeople as a new motive force to the German Enlightenment. In addition, Lessing"s Enlighten. thoughts greatly influenced the following movement—Sturm Und Drang. The essence of Lessing"s thoughts is our common valuable prosperity.In a word. Germany then greatly needed a person like Lessing, and Lessing was the child of German Enlightenment.

面对法国文化长期统治德国文化界的现状，莱辛勇敢地站出来反对"法国化"倾向，对德意志全社会进行民族启蒙，通过戏剧理论及作品，表达了建立统一的民族文化、培植德意志民族精神的思想，同时他提倡世界主义，并用它来为民族主义服务，以反对当时德国的分裂割据；他的宗教哲学思想及宗教宽容精神继承和发扬了西欧的人文主义传统，反映了莱辛的理性观，也针砭了当时德国的时弊，是他对德国启蒙运动进行的有益的探索，拓宽了德国启蒙运动的深度；莱辛在实践中创作了市民剧，他的市民主义和现实主义美学思想弘扬了市民阶级的性格，表达了他们的政治愿望和阶级利益，为德国启蒙运动增加了新的动力，是莱辛所作的杰出贡献之一；莱辛的启蒙思想对后世特别是狂飙突进运动有着重大的影响，他的思想中的精华部分是人类的共同财富。

Given unprecedented access to Pope John Paul II and the people who have known and worked with him throughout his life, George Weigel presents a groundbreaking portrait of the Pope as a man, a thinker, and a leader whose religious convictions have defined a new approach to world politics -- and changed the course of history.

乔治·威格尔曾陪伴约翰·保罗二世工作了大半生，对教皇无与伦比的熟悉使他能够以崭新的视角描写了约翰·保罗二世作为一个人，一位思想家和宗教领导人的事迹。教皇的宗教信念为处理世界政治开拓了一条新道路，改变了历史的轨迹

After all, the conclusion are as follows: the concept of one unified society is accepted by all nationalities in China as political concept; the concept of being loyal to the sovereign while honoring one\'s parents in confucianist culture is the political and social ethics of all nationalities in China; the nationalities in the area of Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai are all up to the concept of being loyal to the sovereign while honoring one\'s parents though they are in religion belief for all, Tibet Buddhism or Islam; the nationalities in the area of Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai are caesaropapism by degree but they all subordinate to the unified political system in China.

甘宁青地区诸民族在全民信仰藏传佛教或伊斯兰教的同时，也都接受儒家学说的&忠君孝亲&之义；该地区诸民族在形成各种政教合一制度的同时，也都从属于中国大一统的政治体系。中国各宗教文化的认同性和别异性，具体表现为各宗教文化的多元性和它们之间的统一性。

In his literary and dramatic works, Lessing expressed the thoughts to Enlighten and foster the national sprit and even to set up an integral national civilization; what"s more, he opposed the feudal separationist rule with his ideal of Kosmopolitismus. At that time, after succeeding and developing European humanist tradition, Lessing formed his religious philosophy and religious tolerance, with his rational opinion, he deepened the profundity of German Enlightenment. Furthermore, he created townspeople"s drama and advocated the realistic aesthetics. On the one hand, he praised their disposition and expressed their political desire and class interest, which made the townspeople as a new motive force to the German Enlightenment. In addition, Lessing"s Enlighten. thoughts greatly influenced the following movement—Sturm Und Drang. The essence of Lessing"s thoughts is our common valuable prosperity.In a word. Germany then greatly needed a person like Lessing, and Lessing was the child of German Enlightenment.

面对法国文化长期统治德国文化界的现状，莱辛勇敢地站出来反对&法国化&倾向，对德意志全社会进行民族启蒙，通过戏剧理论及作品，表达了建立统一的民族文化、培植德意志民族精神的思想，同时他提倡世界主义，并用它来为民族主义服务，以反对当时德国的分裂割据；他的宗教哲学思想及宗教宽容精神继承和发扬了西欧的人文主义传统，反映了莱辛的理性观，也针砭了当时德国的时弊，是他对德国启蒙运动进行的有益的探索，拓宽了德国启蒙运动的深度；莱辛在实践中创作了市民剧，他的市民主义和现实主义美学思想弘扬了市民阶级的性格，表达了他们的政治愿望和阶级利益，为德国启蒙运动增加了新的动力，是莱辛所作的杰出贡献之一；莱辛的启蒙思想对后世特别是狂飙突进运动有着重大的影响，他的思想中的精华部分是人类的共同财富。

His political thinking is quite impacted by his religious viewpoint, this fact was called "providentialism" that he regards all political activities of the success or failure as carrying out the will of God.He considered that all the power came from the God, the rulers took power on behalf of the people , he thought the Stuart dynasty rulers departed from the aspirations of the people ,this point of view has always been accompanied by his participation and leadership in the practice of the British revolution.

他的政治思想深受其宗教观点的影响，而有&神意政治&之称，他把所有政治活动的成败看作是履行上帝的某种旨意，他认为他认为所有统治的权力皆来自于上帝，由统治者代表人民实行权力，他认为斯图亚特王朝的统治者背离的人民的意愿，这种观点始终伴随着他参与和领导英国革命的实践之中。

But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons.

然则，国家和宗教之间的冲突呈现出不同的形态；在基督教中，它表现为由一个组织严密的教会统治集团对政治权力的争夺，而教规法则成为其政治武器之一。

On the one hand, some Westernizers in the ruling class look to Europe and the United States as models of political development; on the other, a Wahhabi religious establishment holds up its interpretation of Islam's golden age as a guide and considers giving any voice to non-Wahhabis as idolatry.

一方面，统治阶层中的一些西化分子把欧洲和美国作为政治发展的样板；另一方面，瓦哈比教派（Wahhabi religious establishment）的宗教团体把伊斯兰教黄金时代的政治模式作为它追求的目标，他们认为让任何非瓦哈比教派的人们发出声音都是邪教崇拜。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。