宗教上的

However, it has arose in the colonial expansion age, so it took on strong colouring of the colonial expansion. We cant merely regard it as general religious activities. It is a kind of spiritual colonial expansion.

然而，它发生在殖民主义扩张的时代背景下，因而染上了浓重的殖民主义扩张色彩，不能将其单纯地看成一般的宗教活动，而是一种精神上的殖民扩张。

"Of a deeply religious temperament, there was inevitably a tinge of the devotional in his mind."

他是一个深具宗教气质的人，因此他的情绪上便必然会染上虔敬的色调。

In religion it must be the case that corresponding to every level of devoutness there is a form of expression that has no sense at a lower level.

在宗教中，每个层次上的虔诚必然有适当的表现形式。这种形式对处于较低层次上的虔诚没有任何意义。

The main conclusion of Hauser and Singer's study was that there is no statistically significant difference between atheists and religious believers in making these judgements.

Hauser 和 Singer 的主要结论是，在无神论者和信仰宗教者之间在作判断的方式上并无统计上的显著差别。

To accept authority is to submit to domination to sub- jugate oneself to an individual, to a group, or to an ideology, whether religious or political; and this subjugation of oneself to authority is the denial, not only of intelligence, but also of individual freedom.

接受权威，则是甘受控制，使自己受制于宗教上或政治上的某一个人，某一个集体或某一种意识形态；而此种使自己受制于权威的行为不仅摈弃了智慧，而且摒弃了个人的自由。

In order to analyze the reason for a flawed Iraqi identity, this article delaminates the internal identity of Iraq to two levels——national and sub-national, further distinguishes familial identity, religional identity and ethnic identity on the sub-national level, and studies the relations between national and sub-national identities with looking back at the momentous events in Iraqi history, consequently finds the different influences that various of sub-national identities react on the formation of Iraqi national identity and how the discriminative internal policy intensified sub-national identities, and then builds a theoretical framework with two dimensions from upwards and downwards to explain the reason for unshaped Iraqi national identity.

为了分析伊拉克国家认同没有形成的原因，文章将伊拉克内部认同在国家和次国家两个层次上进行划分，并进一步区分了次国家认同中的家族部落、宗教派系、族群这三个认同类型，然后以国家认同和次国家认同的关系为切入点，研究了伊拉克历史上的几个重大事件，发现了各次国家认同对国家认同的形成具有不同程度的影响，其中族群认同对国家认同形成的破坏作用最大；与此同时，伊拉克前政府歧视性的内部政策强化了各次国家认同，是造成伊拉克国家认同没有形成的另一个原因，从而从上、下两个维度解释伊拉克国家认同未形成原因的理论架构。

The historical meanings of earlier Arab national movement are that: First, the rising of nationalism in Arab world pioneers a new routine different from traditional one; Second, the new conception of constructing country causes Arab people to be separated from formulation of religion / empire, and be immersed in construction onrush in neoteric world; Third, the grown-up of nationalism awakens and changes Arabs traditional idea, and adapts them to the new one of national development; Fourth, the thoughts of nationalism rebuilds Arab nation in the background of new era; Fifth, the babyish Pan-Arabism especially in King Era establishes development contrail of Arab world.

早期阿拉伯民族主义运动的历史意义：第一，民族主义在阿拉伯世界的兴起开辟了一条有别于传统的民族发展新路；第二，新型国家构建理念使阿拉伯人逐渐走出宗教／帝国范式，融入近代以来世界范围内的民族国家构建洪流；第三，民族主义的崛起唤醒和改造了阿拉伯人尘封已久的民族自我意识，使其适应新时期民族发展的需求；第四，民族主义思想在新的时代背景下重塑了阿拉伯民族；第五，早期特别是&王政时期&的泛阿拉伯主义运动虽然看起来显得那么稚嫩，但却奠定了阿拉伯世界的发展轨迹：在民族目标上，谋求民族独立或自由成为全民族各阶层的首要共识；在民族统一的问题上，独立的民族国家间的全面合作逐渐取代政治上的统一；在泛阿拉伯主义的另一面旗帜——巴勒斯坦问题上，巴勒斯坦战争预示着武力解决方案的失败，承认以色列、通过和平谈判的方式解决这一问题成为唯一的选择。

As to all the Disputes, Wranglings, Strife and Contention, which has happen'd in the World about Religion, whether Niceties in Doctrines, or Schemes of Church Government, they were all perfectly useless to us; as for ought I can yet see, they have been to all the rest of the World: We had the sure Guide to Heaven, viz.

而且，这种浅显明白的教导，还能启发这个野人，使他成为我生平所少见的虔诚的基督徒。至于世界上所发生的一切有关宗教的争执、纠缠、斗争和辩论，无论是教义上微细的分别，还是教会行政上的种种计谋，对我们来说，都毫无用处。

I then reflected, that as God, who was not onlyrighteous but omnipotent, had thought fit thus to punish andafflict me, so He was able to deliver me: that if He did not thinkfit to do so, it was my unquestioned duty to resign myselfabsolutely and entirely to His will; and, on the other hand, it wasmy duty also to hope in Him, pray to Him, and quietly to attend tothe dictates and directions of His daily providence, These thoughts took me up many hours, days, nay, I may say weeksand months: and one particular effect of my cogitations on thisoccasion I cannot omit.

因为，仅仅阅读《圣经》，就能使自己认识到自己的责任，并勇往直前地去担负起这样一个重大的任务：真诚地忏悔自己的罪行，依靠救主耶稣来拯救自己，在实践中改造自己，服从上帝的一切指示；而所有这些认识，都是在没有别人的帮助和教导下获得的（这儿的&别人&，我是指自己的同类--人类），而只要自己阅读《圣经》就能无师自通。而且，这种浅显明白的教导，还能启发这个野人，使他成为我生平所少见的虔诚的基督徒。至于世界上所发生的一切有关宗教的争执、纠缠、斗争和辩论，无论是教义上微细的分别，还是教会行政上的种种计谋，对我们来说，都毫无用处。并且，在我看来，对世界上其他人也毫无用处。我们走向天堂最可靠的指南就是《圣经》--上帝的语言。

Until we have a comprehensive understanding of our life and love, of our political, religious and social desires, with their demands and hindrances, we shall have everincreasing problems in our relationships, leading us to misery and destruction.

除非我们对于自己的生活和爱，对于政治上、宗教上、社会上的欲望以及由这些欲望而来的渴求和障碍，有深入的了解，否则，在我们的种种关系中，问题将会逐日增多，导致我们的不幸与毁灭。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。