宗教

And the faith bears following negative opposes existent regimeor order which has an effect of disintegration to the integration and development of society or religious fellowship;in economic aspect,the motivation of egregious benthamism during the religio...

负功能主要有：政治方面——部分宗教组织和势力反对现存社会制度和秩序，对社会及宗教团体内部的整合与发展起到瓦解作用；经济方面——宗教信仰世俗化中过分的功利主义动机带来了部分信徒和宗教组织的非法敛财聚等行为，客观上破坏了部分落后地区的经济发展和经济秩序；文化方面——宗教信仰的非理性主义直接冲击，阻碍了科学教育、科学知识及科学世界观的普及。

Feuerbach is against theology,but notagainst religion,and thinks the religion is the need of human.

爱的宗教是无神的宗教，费尔巴哈反对宗教神学，但并不反对宗教本身，反而认为宗教是人的需要。

Among these halls, the "Buddha Hall" demonstrates the artist's attempt most directly. In the Orient, artworks regarding religious themes usually will be presented with perfection and heavenliness, but such characteristics are not seen in Liu Dahong's work at all. Instead, the artist has calculatedly created chaos by placing parallel elements in his painting. Images of the frequently waged crusades in the history of the West, the horrifying witchcraft and the rigid statues of westerners have changed the Tibetan Buddha hall into a theater of the absurd. In the center an innocent girl struggling to get away from the stake is the most dramatic spectacle, and the giant, puppet-like Buddha along the people standing or sitting around constitute the scene of trial. In the backdrop, the landscapes and atrocities of wars often seen in western religious paintings are a keen contradiction to the people piously praying in the front. Their belief looks so hopeless.

佛堂是最具代表性的一件，在东方，宗教或描述宗教的艺术作品多倾向完美性和超世性的描写，但这些描写，在刘大鸿的佛堂中被完全破除，取代的是（刘大鸿此处以「置入」、「并列」为取代手法，达到了文本的交叉混乱，实为妙笔）西方宗教中频繁出现的宗教战争、巫术等负面形象，这些雕塑般的西方人物将西藏佛堂变化成荒诞舞台，画面中央一纯洁少女转身挣脱火刑的动作构成最强烈的力度焦点，众角色环状排列并点出审判的基本架构，且和背后如同宠物般拉扯的大佛形成呼应；佛堂后景重迭起西方宗教画内常见的风景描绘，黄土石间宗教战火连连，前景藏人和民众的诚心歌颂反而显出信仰的愚昧。

After the reexamination of implication of the description about the in yogacara (section 2) and even in the theory of Buddha-nature, this article exposits three essential point of the interreligious dialogue between Buddhism and Christianity that corresponds with John Hick's philosophy of religious pluralism (Section 3)..Key words: John Hick , philosophy of religious pluralism , religious dialogue , madhyamaka , T'ien-t'ai Buddhism

宗教的多元性除了是建立在各个宗教对於超越界的信仰、解脱学在各个宗教之中的普遍性、大爱共生的共同的实践关怀等等基础之上，就哲学的反思而言，更具有来自於康德知识论的宗教知识论的立论基础；从而各个宗教之间应该彼此平等尊重，展现开放沟通，互助合作以促进人类和平。

After the reexamination of implication of the description about the in yogacara (section 2) and even in the theory of Buddha-nature, this article exposits three essential point of the interreligious dialogue between Buddhism and Christianity that corresponds with John Hick's philosophy of religious pluralism (Section 3)..Key words: John Hick , philosophy of religious pluralism , religious dialogue , madhyamaka , T'ien-t'ai Buddhism ↑back

宗教的多元性除了是建立在各个宗教对於超越界的信仰、解脱学在各个宗教之中的普遍性、大爱共生的共同的实践关怀等等基础之上，就哲学的反思而言，更具有来自於康德知识论的宗教知识论的立论基础；从而各个宗教之间应该彼此平等尊重，展现开放沟通，互助合作以促进人类和平。

Due to the factors of history and area,some peoples in the eastern countries have strong religious belief,mainly showing in the influence of literature by those primitive religion,Indian religions,Judaism as well as Moslemism, which was a typical character of the ancient oriental literature.

由于历史和地域的原因，东方一些国家的人民笃信宗教，具有浓厚的宗教感情，因而这些国家的文学受宗教文化影响较深，主要表现为原始宗教、印度宗教、犹太教和伊斯兰教等对文学的影响，这是古代东方文学的一大特点。

The Lynn White debate, which begun when White called for a rethinking of Christianity or its replacement by a nonWestern religion, has proved an obstacle to dealing with the environmental crisis The defense of Christianity that followed inhibited Asian and comparative environmental ethics in the West and did not produce environmentally useful results Whenever the relationship of religion and the environment was raised, the discussion quickly shifted to the issue of Christian responsibility for the environmental crisis The problem with the debate is that in many important ways, the White thesis is correct: Christianity is indeed responsible to a significant degree in that Christianity desacralized nature and it supported policies politically in the Middle Ages that encouraged now harmful human population growth and promoted science and technology, much of which has proved to be environmentally problematic There was nevertheless a second tradition of which Saint Francis of Assisi was a part that was environmentally friendly and that could be useful in rethinking Christianity environmentally It is however unlikely that Christianity will prove useful in the development of an environmental ethic in nonWestern countries or that nonWestern religions will succeed in producing an environmental ethic in the West It is therefore important that religious scholars move beyond assigning blame for the environmental crisis and find ways for the major world religions to help develop environmental ethics as best they can within their own cultural spheres

林恩怀特争论始于怀特关于对基督教进行重新思考或者由非西方宗教取而代之的呼吁。林恩怀特争论已经被证明成为处理环境危机的一个障碍。由此而起的对基督教的辩护制约了亚洲和其他比较环境伦理学在西方的发展，没有产生对环境有益的结果。无论何时，当人们谈及宗教和环境的关系的时候，讨论都会迅速转向有关基督教对环境危机责任的讨论。这一争论的关键在于，怀特的论文在很多方面是对的：基督教的确在相当大的程度上造成了自然的世俗化，并且在中世纪，基督教在政治上对现在看来有害的人口增长的政策提供了支持，促进了科学和技术的发展，很多诸如此类的政策已经被证明对环境是有害的。但是，基督教还存在另一种对环境友好的传统，Assisi城的&圣芳济&运动就是其中一例，这种传统也许对于从环境角度重新认识基督教是有益的。但是，对于非西方国家环境伦理的发展，基督教将很难能够有所作为，非西方宗教也不大可能成功地在西方产生出某种环境伦理。因此，对于研究宗教的学者们而言，重要的是要走出谁应该为环境危机受到指责的争论，找到世界各主要宗教如何在其各自的文化范围内对发展环境伦理提供最佳帮助的方法。

Based on different study purports and methods, they hold different theories and views in general study ways and principles, the definition of religionary sociology, social function of religion, the mundane of religion, their altitudes and objective endings of study in religionay sociology.

基于不同的研究旨趣和研究方法，他们在宗教社会学研究中的一般研究方法与准则，宗教的社会学界定，宗教所具有的社会功能，宗教世俗化及他们各自对宗教研究的学术态度与客观结果等方面有各自的理论与见解，表现为同中有异，异中有同。

The second part: William James has launched the analysis to the experience of the religion directly cutting from the pragmatism method, pointing out the show to the religious experience of individual consciousness from five directions separately. This chapter probes into The Reality of the unseen, The Religion of Healthy-Mindedness, The Sick Soul, The Divided Self and Conversion, finally holding out that the mysticism is the essential feature of the religion.

第二部分：从实用主义方法切入，展开了对宗教经验的分析，探讨了詹姆士的个体意识对宗教经验的展示：不可见的实体、宗教上的乐观主义态度、宗教上的悲观主义态度、分割的自我与统一、皈依等宗教经验，最后指出神秘主义就是宗教生活的基本特征。

The second part: William James has launched the analysis to the experience of the religion directly cutting from the pragmatism method, pointing out the show to the religious experience of individual consciousness from five directions separately. This chapter probes into The Reality of the unseen, The Religionof Healthy-Mindedness, The Sick Soul, The Divided Self and Conversion, finally holding out that the mysticism is the essential feature of the religion.

第二部分：从实用主义方法切入，展开了对宗教经验的分析，探讨了詹姆士的个体意识对宗教经验的展示：不可见的实体、宗教上的乐观主义态度、宗教上的悲观主义态度、分割的自我与统一、皈依等宗教经验，最后指出神秘主义就是宗教生活的基本特征。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失