宏观结构

Leakage current of varistor is related to voltage and temperature, and caused by its microstructure.

氧化锌压敏电阻器漏电流宏观上与电压、温度有关，实质在于电阻体的微观结构。

The structure of superheavy nuclei has been studied by using the macroscopic- microscopic model.

应用宏观微观模型系统研究了超重核的形状和结构性质。

For the aged aluminum alloys which generally contain disc/plate-shaped or rod/needle-shaped precipitates, a model has been established, from the viewpoints of thermodynamics, kinetics and strengthening theory, to relate quantitatively the yield strength to the size, volume fraction and aspect ratio of precipitates which all were analytical associated with the chemical compositions of alloys, aging temperature and aging time. This model has been experimentally proved to well predict the variation of yield strength with the evolution of disc/plate-shaped or rod/needle-shaped precipitates for present Al-4. 62wt% Cu-0.65wt% Mg alloy aged at 513K and Al-1. 12wt% Mg0.57wt% Si alloy aged at 463K, respectively, and the yield strengths simulated by this model were also found to be in well agreement with previously measured values for a series of aged Al-Cu binary alloys, AA6061 and Al-Zn-Mg alloys.

以析出热力学、长大动力学及强化理论为基础，研究了含有盘/片状、棒/针状时效析出强化相铝合金在时效过程中时效析出相尺寸、体积分数和长径比等参数的演变及其对合金时效强化效果的影响，给出了合金成分、时效变量与微观组织参数之间非线性的解析表达关系式，进而从微观结构—宏观性能相结合的角度出发建立起了具有盘/片状、棒/针状时效析出相铝合金的时效工艺—屈服强度量化模型，并将该模型应用于不同温度、连续不同时间时效下Al-Cu二元系列合金、6061铝合金和Al-Zn-Mg系列合金的屈服强度预测，得到了与前人实测值吻合良好的结果。

Drafting innovations in practice research (1) In the section of "panorama of financing theory and financing behavior of listed companies", from the macroscopical aspect, directly aiming at theoretical goal system of refinancing behaviors of listed companies and refinancing supervision, the thesis on one hand sketched the contours of strategic frame for listed companies focusing on "computerization of financing ability","diversification of financing ways","rationalization of financing structure",and"financing use efficiency"; on the other hand through international comparison and aiming at the range pole, the thesis put forward policy recommendations and direction lead of brand-new visual angle for China's financial supervisors and China's refinancing moving towards standardization of management and efficient supervision.

在实践研究方面的拟创新之处（1）在&上市公司融资理论与融资行为概论&部分，论文从宏观层面，直接针对上市公司再融资行为和再融资监管的理论目标体系，一方面为上市公司勾勒着眼于&融资能力计量化&、&融资方式多样化&、&融资结构理性化&、&融资利用效率化&的战略框架；另一方面通过国际比较和标杆瞄准，为中国金融监管层和中国再融资走向管理规范化和监管效率化的给出全新视角的政策建议和方向引导。

The cause of tube plate cracking in steam generator is analyzed in the light of equipment structure , material selection, macro and micro shape feature of the fracture, metallographic structure of the crack, stress on the tube plate , and the introducing vibration of fluid.

对蜡油蒸汽发生器管板开裂原因进行分析，如设备结构、材料选择、断口的宏观形貌、断口的微观形貌特征、裂纹的金相组织、管板受力、流体诱导振动等，找出了管板开裂的原因，并提出了相应的改进方案。

For this project, in virtue of the experimental observations on the vertical vibrator,the invert torsion pendulum and the vertical pipe with capillary outlet,and by using numerical simulations of the discrete element method, the mixing and segregation of granular materials of spherical and neraly spherical shape with the different size and different density under the vertical vibration or parallel shear motion have been researched, and the relationship between the macroscopic segregation properties and the microscopic characteristics of granular materials and the outer actions has also explored. The theoretical model and method describing the mixing and segregation of granular materials is developed.

本项目通过在垂直振动台、倒扭摆、带毛细出口的竖直玻璃管等装置上进行实验观测，并采用以离散元方法为主的数值模拟，研究了具有不同粒子尺寸、密度的球形或近球形颗粒物质在具不同结构形状容器中垂直振动和剪切运动时的粒子混合和偏析情况，探索颗粒材料流的宏观偏析特性与微观特征量及外部作用间的关系，发展描述颗粒物质混合和偏析的理论模型和方法。

The main results are:(1) The cumulate cause-effects model was demonstrated at both macro and micro level data. The problem of data fitting of hypertension prevalence data was solved well enough with the cumulate cause-effects model. The parameters of the model were meaningful for the practice.(2) Taking the hypertension developing speed as an indicator of health equality of hypertension between urban and rural residents in China and discovered the macro level determinants of it.(3) The causal network was testified by the structure equation model.(4) It is found that the major determinants of hypertension prevalence in China is population ageing, overweight, lifestyle changing due to high economic developing speed and the lagging behind of health education.

主要的研究成果有：(1)首次观测到我国高血压的患病率曲线符合累积风险效应模型，解决了高血压患病率资料数据拟合中长期存在的方法学问题，并对模型中参数的实际流行病学意义给出了合理的解释，能够对疾病的发病率进行间接的估计；(2)提出了用高血压的发展速度作为衡量我国城乡高血压造成的健康不平等的重要指标，解决了我国高血压患病率评价中长期存在的一些错误性认识，揭示了我国高血压城乡发展不平衡的宏观决定因素；(3)利用结构方程模型对构建的网络模型进行拟合分析，证明了模型的有效性；(4)揭示了目前影响我国高血压发展趋势的决定因素，主要包括人口老龄化趋势加剧、超重人口比例增加、经济的快速发展带来生活方式的转变和健康教育的相对滞后等几个方面。

Moreover, oriented growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes , an ideal but simplest one-dimensional model, has been realized.

定向的碳纳米管薄膜是它们沿轴向排列的宏观有序结构，具有优异的性能和广阔的应用前景。

Now most oil fields have been high water-cut, so studing fluvial sandbody architecture can provide important academic evidence to realize the distribution of remained oil and hold peak or settled production, fn addition to ,how to combine the facts of macroscopical and microcosmic, and how to combine the result of well network and fields outcrop.then instruct production and practice, which is the stress of this article.

在目前大多数主力油田已进入高含水期的形势下，研究河道砂内部建筑结构，可以为了解剩余油分布规律，保持油田高产稳产，提供重要的理论依据。此外，如何将宏观与微观的因素结合起来，将密井网研究成果及野外露头研究成果有机的结合起来，用于指导油田生产实践，也是本次研究的重点之一。

In macroscopic, the sudden and rapid rise of rural juvenile delinquency rate in social transition has profound social root and intrinsic mechanism. The social polarization caused by city - countryside - dual society structure is the social root of rural juvenile delinquency, and the existence of each kind of social exclusion is the intrinsic mechanism; In medium reasons, the rural juvenile delinquency is the result of family, school, companion community, mass media as well as other bad affection factors; In microscopic, the rural juvenile delinquency is inseparably related to rural juveniles low degree of schooling, the lack of legal consciousness, the desalination of morality and the lost of value orientation and so on.

从宏观上，社会转型期农村未成年人犯罪率的急剧上升、迅猛增长有着深刻的社会根源和内在机理，由社会发展失衡和城乡二元社会结构所导致的社会极化是农村未成年人犯罪的社会根源，各种社会排斥的存在是农村未成年人犯罪的内在机理；从中观上，农村未成年人犯罪是家庭、学校、同伴群体和大众传媒等社会化机构的不良影响所致；从微观上，农村未成年人自身文化程度的低下、法律意识的淡薄、道德观念的淡化和价值取向的迷失等与其犯罪也有着密不可分的联系。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。