完全群

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the semidirect product of two semigroups to be completely Archimedean semigroups.

给出了两个半群的半直积是完全阿基米德半群的充要条件。

In this paper, new classes of linear block codes over finite fields of the algebraicinteger ring of quadratic number fields Qd~(1/2 modulo irreducible elements with norm p or p~2 are presented. These codes can correct one error which takes from the cyclic subgroup of the multiplicative group of the finite fields. The results presented in this paper extend the corresponding results of previous papers.

在处理适用于二维信号的线性分组码时，我们考虑类数为1的有理数域二次扩域Qd~(1/2的代数整数环，利用范数为p或p~2的不可约元构造有限域，给出剩余类域的一组完全陪集代表元系，从而构造出一类有限域上的线性分组码，当错误取值于有限域乘法群的一个循环子群时，所得到的适用于二维信号的线性分组码可以纠单个错，推广了文[14-16]的结果。

Among which theorem 1 and theorem 2 are similar to the controlled convergence theorem and Lukin theorem in Lebesgue integral Theory.

定义μ=|G|／|Irr|。得到了定理1 若G是非交换有限群2。首先得到具有这种性质的非Abel有限单群的完全分类定理。

A major difficulty in using existing ethnographic data to test DIT is that, due to cultural anthropology's assumption of culture as a superorganic entity, ethnographic data tends to ignore individual and intragroup cultural variation and focus almost entirely on intergroup variation.

利用现有的实地观察数据来测试双继承理论的一个主要困难是，由于文化人类学将文化设定为超个体的实体，实地观察数据倾向于忽略个体的或群组内的文化差异，而完全聚焦于群组间的差异。

In this scheme weak voltage area are determined by the network sensitivity index method; Considering the relation between low voltage level and voltage collapse, it is put forward that the voltage magnitude variation rate is taken as the observed information for the grouping of weak voltage buses and weak voltage grouping are given; Taking geographic factors into consideration, a fuzzy maximal tree is established to group the weak voltage buses. The method to measure the incomplete observability of buses and the flow chart of PMU configuration are given.

应用网损灵敏度法来判断电压崩溃临界点和电压薄弱区域；考虑低电压水平与电压崩溃的关系，提出将电压幅值变化率作为电压薄弱母线分群所观察的信息，并且给出了电压薄弱分群指标，兼顾地域因素，采用模糊最大树聚类法将电压薄弱母线分群；给出了母线非完全可观测程度的度量方法以及 PMU 的配置流程。

On the basis, three equivalent statements are obtained. Let S be a semigroup with left central idempotents, then (1) S is a quasi-right semigroup;(2) S is a quasi-completely regular, and RegS is an ideal;(3) S is a nil-extension of strong semilattice of right semigroup.

在此基础上得到了3个等价命题：若S为具有左中心幂等元半群，则(1) S为拟右半群；(2) S为拟完全正则的，RegS为S的理想；(3) S为右群强半格的诣零理想扩张。

The algorithm for optimizing parameter is applied and effective,and is much better than that of common Genetic Algorithm,and has good perfectible application future.

文献[2]提出用模糊控制算法整定PID参数，文献[3]将Bang-Bang控制与神经网络自适应控制相结合，利用神经元的学习功能构成了一种自适应PID控制器，文献[4]以蚁群系统和蚁群算法为基础，提出了一种新的具有不完全微分的最优PID控制器的设计方法，文献[5]提出一种利用改进微粒群算法优化PID参数的方法。

We also prove that the lattice of group congruences on a regular semigroup is isomorphic to the lattice of its full admissible subsemigroups.

另外，还证明了正则半群的群同余格同构于它的完全容许子半群的格。

At the beginning the representatives of elementary rectangular band of E-unitary in-verse semigroups is studied, with the congruences on lattices and on completely simplesemigroups the congruences and congruence lattices on elementary rectangular band ofE-unitary inverse semigroups are described.

首先研究了E-酉逆半群基本矩形带的结构表示形式，用半格上的同余和完全单半群上的同余刻画了E-酉逆半群基本矩形带的上的同余和同余格。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。